{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T15:06:46Z","timestamp":1778080006919,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TACL"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We present a model of pragmatic referring expression interpretation in a grounded communication task (identifying colors from descriptions) that draws upon predictions from two recurrent neural network classifiers, a speaker and a listener, unified by a recursive pragmatic reasoning framework. Experiments show that this combined pragmatic model interprets color descriptions more accurately than the classifiers from which it is built, and that much of this improvement results from combining the speaker and listener perspectives. We observe that pragmatic reasoning helps primarily in the hardest cases: when the model must distinguish very similar colors, or when few utterances adequately express the target color. Our findings make use of a newly-collected corpus of human utterances in color reference games, which exhibit a variety of pragmatic behaviors. We also show that the embedded speaker model reproduces many of these pragmatic behaviors. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,28]],"date-time":"2018-12-28T15:42:50Z","timestamp":1546011770000},"page":"325-338","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Colors in Context: A Pragmatic Neural Model for Grounded Language                     Understanding"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Will","family":"Monroe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305,"}]},{"given":"Robert X.D.","family":"Hawkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305,"}]},{"given":"Noah D.","family":"Goodman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA                         94305"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA                         94305,"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Potts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Linguistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305,"}]}],"member":"281","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1080\/03640210802066816","volume":"32","author":"Brown-Schmidt Sarah","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(86)90010-7","volume":"22","author":"Clark Herbert H.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"issue":"6084","key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1218633","volume":"336","author":"Frank Michael C.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"11","key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2016.08.005","volume":"20","author":"Goodman Noah D.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/tops.12007","volume":"5","author":"Goodman Noah D.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Topics in Cognitive Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-596X(03)00022-6","volume":"49","author":"Hanna Joy E.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"issue":"4","key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-014-0515-6","volume":"47","author":"Hawkins Robert X. 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