{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T03:59:40Z","timestamp":1784087980683,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":6,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TACL"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We present a new tree based approach to composing expressive image descriptions that makes use of naturally occuring web images with captions. We investigate two related tasks: image caption generalization and generation, where the former is an optional subtask of the latter. The high-level idea of our approach is to harvest expressive phrases (as tree fragments) from existing image descriptions, then to compose a new description by selectively combining the extracted (and optionally pruned) tree fragments. Key algorithmic components are tree composition and compression, both integrating tree structure with sequence structure. Our proposed system attains significantly better performance than previous approaches for both image caption generalization and generation. In addition, our work is the first to show the empirical benefit of automatically generalized captions for composing natural image descriptions. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,28]],"date-time":"2018-12-28T15:43:26Z","timestamp":1546011806000},"page":"351-362","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":192,"title":["T<scp>ree<\/scp>T<scp>alk<\/scp>: Composition and Compression of Trees for                     Image Descriptions"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Polina","family":"Kuznetsova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vicente","family":"Ordonez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamara L.","family":"Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yejin","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, Seattle, WA,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"281","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/089120105774321091"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.2433","volume":"31","author":"Clarke James","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research"},{"issue":"9","key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2009.167","volume":"32","author":"Felzenszwalb Pedro F.","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"issue":"4","key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2012.118","volume":"35","author":"Feng Yansong","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2008.283","volume":"32","author":"Jamieson Michael","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VISI.0000029664.99615.94","volume":"60","author":"Lowe David G.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vision"}],"container-title":["Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mitpressjournals.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1162\/tacl_a_00188","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T21:38:57Z","timestamp":1615585137000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/tacl\/article\/43323"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"references-count":6,"alternative-id":["10.1162\/tacl_a_00188"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/tacl_a_00188","relation":{},"ISSN":["2307-387X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2307-387X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]}}}