{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T18:01:53Z","timestamp":1772906513021,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TACL"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We introduce a new approach to the machine-assisted grading of short answer questions. We follow past work in automated grading by first training a similarity metric between student responses, but then go on to use this metric to group responses into clusters and subclusters. The resulting groupings allow teachers to grade multiple responses with a single action, provide rich feedback to groups of similar answers, and discover modalities of misunderstanding among students; we refer to this amplification of grader effort as \u201cpowergrading.\u201d We develop the means to further reduce teacher effort by automatically performing actions when an answer key is available. We show results in terms of grading progress with a small \u201cbudget\u201d of human actions, both from our method and an LDA-based approach, on a test corpus of 10 questions answered by 698 respondents. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,28]],"date-time":"2018-12-28T15:42:12Z","timestamp":1546011732000},"page":"391-402","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["Powergrading: a Clustering Approach to Amplify Human Effort for Short                     Answer Grading"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Sumit","family":"Basu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsoft Research, One Microsoft Way, Redmond, WA,"}]},{"given":"Chuck","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsoft Research, One Microsoft Way, Redmond, WA,"}]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Vanderwende","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsoft Research, One Microsoft Way, Redmond, WA,"}]}],"member":"281","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"p_3","first-page":"993","volume":"3","author":"Blei David M.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_5","first-page":"27","volume":"25","author":"Burstein Jill","year":"2004","journal-title":"AI Magazine"},{"issue":"1","key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3402\/rlt.v13i1.10970","volume":"13","author":"Conole Gr\u00e1inne","year":"2005","journal-title":"Research in Learning Technology"},{"issue":"4","key":"p_8","first-page":"189","volume":"38","author":"Dumais Susan T.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annual Review of Information Science and Technology (ARIST)."},{"issue":"11","key":"p_9","first-page":"2012","volume":"3","author":"Gomaa Wael H.","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications (IJACSA)"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8535.2008.00928.x","volume":"40","author":"Jordan Sally","year":"2009","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1152408","volume":"319","author":"Karpicke Jeffrey D.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"p_15","first-page":"405","author":"Kaufman Leonard","year":"1987","journal-title":"Statistical Data Analysis Based on the L1-norm and Related Methods, Y. Dodge, Ed."},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0023-8333.2004.00260.x","volume":"54","author":"Laufer Batia","year":"2004","journal-title":"Language Learning"},{"issue":"4","key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025779619903","volume":"37","author":"Leacock Claudia","year":"2003","journal-title":"Computers and the Humanities"},{"issue":"4","key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1017\/S135132490999012X","volume":"15","author":"Nielsen Rodney D.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Natural Language Engineering"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1108\/eb046814","volume":"14","author":"Porter Michael F.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Electronic Library and Information Systems"}],"container-title":["Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mitpressjournals.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1162\/tacl_a_00236","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T21:39:13Z","timestamp":1615585153000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/tacl\/article\/43220"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"references-count":12,"alternative-id":["10.1162\/tacl_a_00236"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/tacl_a_00236","relation":{},"ISSN":["2307-387X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2307-387X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]}}}