{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T15:38:03Z","timestamp":1770910683789,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MIT Press","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper we focus on learning dependency aware representations for semantic role labeling without recourse to an external parser. The backbone of our model is an LSTM-based semantic role labeler jointly trained with two auxiliary tasks: predicting the dependency label of a word and whether there exists an arc linking it to the predicate. The auxiliary tasks provide syntactic information that is specific to semantic role labeling and are learned from training data (dependency annotations) without relying on existing dependency parsers, which can be noisy (e.g., on out-of-domain data or infrequent constructions). Experimental results on the CoNLL-2009 benchmark dataset show that our model outperforms the state of the art in English, and consistently improves performance in other languages, including Chinese, German, and Spanish.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,21]],"date-time":"2019-06-21T15:46:53Z","timestamp":1561132013000},"page":"343-356","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Syntax-aware Semantic Role Labeling without Parsing"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Rui","family":"Cai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Language, Cognition and Computation, School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, 10 Crichton Street, Edinburgh EH8 9AB."}]},{"given":"Mirella","family":"Lapata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Language, Cognition and Computation, School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, 10 Crichton Street, Edinburgh EH8 9AB."}]}],"member":"281","reference":[{"key":"bib1","first-page":"316","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation","author":"Aziz Wilker","year":"2011"},{"key":"bib2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Learning Representations","author":"Bahdanau Dzmitry","year":"2015"},{"key":"bib3","first-page":"164","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 2, Short Papers","author":"Bingel Joachim","year":"2017"},{"key":"bib4","first-page":"3531","volume-title":"Proceedings of COLING 2016, the 26th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Technical Papers","author":"Bjerva Johannes","year":"2016"},{"key":"bib5","first-page":"33","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations","author":"Bj\u00f6rkelund Anders","year":"2010"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00051"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.3115\/1706543.1706571","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Ninth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning (CoNLL-2005)","author":"Carreras Xavier","year":"2005"},{"key":"bib8","first-page":"41","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Machine Learning","author":"Caruana Richard","year":"1993"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D15-1085","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","author":"Cheng Hao","year":"2015"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1145\/1999676.1999697","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Konwledge Capture","author":"Christensen Janara","year":"2011"},{"key":"bib11","first-page":"2493","volume":"12","author":"Collobert Ronan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"bib12","first-page":"2493","volume":"12","author":"Collobert Ronan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"bib13","author":"Dozat Timothy","year":"2016","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"key":"bib14","first-page":"2224","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 28","author":"Duvenaud David K.","year":"2015"},{"key":"bib15","first-page":"334","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)","author":"Dyer Chris","year":"2015"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D15-1112","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","author":"FitzGerald Nicholas","year":"2015"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/S15-1033","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Fourth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics","author":"Foland William","year":"2015"},{"key":"bib18","unstructured":"Nelson Francis and Henry Kucera. 1979, Brown corpus manual. Technical report, Department of Linguistics, Brown Unviersity, Providence, RI."},{"key":"bib19","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning (CoNLL 2009): Shared Task","author":"Haji\u010d Jan","year":"2009"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eva Haji\u010dov\u00e1, Zden\u011bk Kirschner, and Petr Sgall. 1999. A manual for analytic layer annotation of the Prague dependency treebank (English translation), \u00daFAL MFF UK, Prague, Czech Republic.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-48239-3_8"},{"key":"bib21","first-page":"1923","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","author":"Hashimoto Kazuma","year":"2017"},{"key":"bib22","first-page":"473","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)","author":"He Luheng","year":"2017"},{"key":"bib23","first-page":"2061","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)","author":"He Shexia","year":"2018"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1997.9.8.1735"},{"key":"bib25","first-page":"393","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics","author":"Johansson Richard","year":"2008"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1007\/s10822-016-9938-8","volume":"30","author":"Kearnes Steven","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular design"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2015.01.070","volume":"30","author":"Khan Atif","year":"2015","journal-title":"Applied Soft Computing"},{"key":"bib28","author":"Kingma Diederik P.","year":"2014","journal-title":"arXiv preprint, arXiv:1412.6980"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00101"},{"key":"bib30","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Learning Representations","author":"Kipf Thomas N.","year":"2017"},{"key":"bib31","first-page":"939","volume-title":"Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics","author":"Lang Joel","year":"2010"},{"key":"bib32","first-page":"1150","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies","author":"Lei Tao","year":"2015"},{"key":"bib33","first-page":"1299","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies","author":"Ling Wang","year":"2015"},{"key":"bib34","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Learning Representations","author":"Luong Minh-Thang","year":"2016"},{"key":"bib35","volume-title":"Proceedings of the the 16th Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (NAACL-HLT 2018)","author":"Marcheggiani Diego","year":"2018"},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/K17-1041","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 21st Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning (CoNLL 2017)","author":"Marcheggiani Diego","year":"2017"},{"key":"bib37","first-page":"1506","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","author":"Marcheggiani Diego","year":"2017"},{"key":"bib38","first-page":"3111","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 26","author":"Mikolov Tomas","year":"2013"},{"key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/0891201053630264"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib40","first-page":"313","volume":"19","author":"Parcus Mitchell P.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Computational Linguistics"},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P17-1186","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)","author":"Peng Hao","year":"2017"},{"key":"bib42","first-page":"2227","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)","author":"Peters Matthew","year":"2018"},{"key":"bib43","first-page":"609","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Technical Papers","author":"Plank Barbara","year":"2016"},{"key":"bib44","first-page":"143","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning","author":"Pradhan Sameer","year":"2013"},{"key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P16-1113","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)","author":"Roth Michael","year":"2016"},{"key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P16-2038","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)","author":"S\u00f8gaard Anders","year":"2016"},{"key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5027","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D18-1548","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","author":"Strubell Emma","year":"2018"},{"key":"bib48","first-page":"159","volume-title":"CoNLL 2008: Proceedings of the 12th Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning","author":"Surdeanu Mihai","year":"2008"},{"key":"bib49","author":"Swayamdipta Swabha","year":"2017","journal-title":"arXiv preprint, arXiv:1706.09528"},{"key":"bib50","first-page":"2773","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"Vinyals Oriol","year":"2015"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1017\/S135132490400364X","volume":"11","author":"Xue Nanwen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Natural Language Engineering"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1017\/S1351324908004865","volume":"15","author":"Xue Nianwen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Natural Language Engineering"},{"key":"bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P16-1147","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)","author":"Zhang Yuan","year":"2016"},{"key":"bib54","first-page":"1127","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)","author":"Zhou Jie","year":"2015"}],"container-title":["Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mitpressjournals.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1162\/tacl_a_00272","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]],"date-time":"2022-09-21T14:14:19Z","timestamp":1663769659000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/tacl\/article\/43499"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["10.1162\/tacl_a_00272"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/tacl_a_00272","relation":{},"ISSN":["2307-387X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2307-387X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]}}}