{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T15:40:57Z","timestamp":1764603657719},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Chinese word segmentation and dependency parsing are two fundamental tasks for Chinese natural language processing. The dependency parsing is defined at the word-level. Therefore word segmentation is the precondition of dependency parsing, which makes dependency parsing suffer from error propagation and unable to directly make use of character-level pre-trained language models (such as BERT). In this paper, we propose a graph-based model to integrate Chinese word segmentation and dependency parsing. Different from previous transition-based joint models, our proposed model is more concise, which results in fewer efforts of feature engineering. Our graph-based joint model achieves better performance than previous joint models and state-of-the-art results in both Chinese word segmentation and dependency parsing. Additionally, when BERT is combined, our model can substantially reduce the performance gap of dependency parsing between joint models and gold-segmented word-based models. Our code is publicly available at https:\/\/github.com\/fastnlp\/JointCwsParser <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,12]],"date-time":"2020-03-12T14:05:38Z","timestamp":1584021938000},"page":"78-92","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["A Graph-based Model for Joint Chinese Word Segmentation and                     Dependency Parsing"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Hang","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Fudan University, China Shanghai Key                         Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Fudan University, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xipeng","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Fudan University, China Shanghai Key                         Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Fudan University, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuanjing","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Fudan University, China Shanghai Key                         Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Fudan University, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"281","reference":[{"key":"bib1","volume-title":"3rd International Conference on Learning Representations, ICLR 2015, San Diego, CA, USA, May 7\u20139, 2015, Conference Track Proceedings","author":"Bahdanau Dzmitry","year":"2015"},{"key":"bib2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, IJCAI 2017, Melbourne, Australia, August 19\u201325, 2017","author":"Chen Xinchi","year":"2017"},{"key":"bib3","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, EMNLP 2015, Lisbon, Portugal, September 17\u201321, 2015","author":"Chen Xinchi","year":"2015"},{"key":"bib4","author":"Cui Yiming","year":"2019","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"key":"bib5","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, NAACL-HLT 2019, Minneapolis, MN, USA, June 2\u20137, 2019, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)","author":"Devlin Jacob","year":"2019"},{"key":"bib6","volume-title":"5th International Conference on Learning Representations, ICLR 2017, Toulon, France, April 24\u201326, 2017, Conference Track Proceedings","author":"Dozat Timothy","year":"2017"},{"key":"bib7","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics, AISTATS 2010, Chia Laguna Resort, Sardinia, Italy, May 13\u201315, 2010","author":"Glorot Xavier","year":"2010"},{"key":"bib8","volume-title":"The 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Proceedings of the Conference, July 8\u201314, 2012, Jeju Island, Korea - Volume 1: Long Papers","author":"Hatori Jun","year":"2012"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1997.9.8.1735"},{"key":"bib10","volume-title":"3rd International Conference on Learning Representations, ICLR 2015, San Diego, CA, USA, May 7\u20139, 2015, Conference Track Proceedings","author":"Kingma Diederik P.","year":"2015"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00101"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2200\/S00169ED1V01Y200901HLT002","volume-title":"Dependency Parsing","author":"K\u00fcbler Sandra","year":"2009"},{"key":"bib13","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, ACL 2017, Vancouver, Canada, July 30 - August 4, Volume 1: Long Papers","author":"Kurita Shuhei","year":"2017"},{"key":"bib14","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML 2001), Williams College, Williamstown, MA, USA, June 28 - July 1, 2001","author":"Lafferty John D.","year":"2001"},{"key":"bib15","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Thirty-Second AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, (AAAI-18), the 30th innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence (IAAI-18), and the 8th AAAI Symposium on Educational Advances in Artificial Intelligence (EAAI-18), New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, February 2\u20137, 2018","author":"Li Haonan","year":"2018"},{"key":"bib16","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, EMNLP 2011, 27\u201331 July 2011, John McIntyre Conference Centre, Edinburgh, UK, A meeting of SIGDAT, a Special Interest Group of the ACL","author":"Li Zhenghua","year":"2011"},{"key":"bib17","volume-title":"NAACL HLT 2015, The 2015 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Denver, Colorado, USA, May 31 - June 5, 2015","author":"Ling Wang","year":"2015"},{"key":"bib18","volume-title":"7th International Conference on Learning Representations, ICLR 2019, New Orleans, LA, USA, May 6\u20139, 2019","author":"Loshchilov Ilya","year":"2019"},{"key":"bib19","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, Brussels, Belgium, October 31 - November 4, 2018","author":"Ji Ma","year":"2018"},{"key":"bib20","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, EMNLP 2004, A meeting of SIGDAT, a Special Interest Group of the ACL, held in conjunction with ACL 2004, 25\u201326 July 2004, Barcelona, Spain","author":"Ng Hwee Tou","year":"2004"},{"key":"bib21","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, ACL 2014, June 22\u201327, 2014, Baltimore, MD, USA, Volume 1: Long Papers","author":"Pei Wenzhe","year":"2014"},{"key":"bib22","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning, EMNLP-CoNLL 2012, July 12\u201314, 2012, Jeju Island, Korea","author":"Qian Xian","year":"2012"},{"key":"bib23","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, EMNLP 2013, 18\u201321 October 2013, Grand Hyatt Seattle, Seattle, Washington, USA, A meeting of SIGDAT, a Special Interest Group of the ACL","author":"Qiu Xipeng","year":"2013"},{"key":"bib24","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing, IJCNLP 2017, Taipei, Taiwan, November 27 - December 1, 2017 - Volume 1: Long Papers","author":"Shao Yan","year":"2017"},{"key":"bib25","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, EMNLP 2017, Copenhagen, Denmark, September 9\u201311, 2017","author":"Shi Tianze","year":"2017"},{"key":"bib26","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, NAACL-HLT, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, June 1\u20136, 2018, Volume 2 (Short Papers)","author":"Song Yan","year":"2018"},{"key":"bib27","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, NAACL-HLT 2019, Minneapolis, MN, USA, June 2\u20137, 2019, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)","author":"Sun Chi","year":"2019"},{"key":"bib28","volume-title":"Fifth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing, IJCNLP 2011, Chiang Mai, Thailand, November 8\u201313, 2011","author":"Wang Yiou","year":"2011"},{"key":"bib29","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, ACL 2013, 4\u20139 August 2013, Sofia, Bulgaria, Volume 2: Short Papers","author":"Wang Zhiguo","year":"2013"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1017\/S135132490400364X","volume":"11","author":"Xue Naiwen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Natural Language Engineering"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1109\/TASLP.2017.2788181","volume":"26","author":"Yang Liner","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Audio, Speech & Language Processing"},{"issue":"9","key":"bib32","volume":"26","author":"Zhang Meishan","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Audio, Speech & Language Processing"},{"key":"bib33","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, ACL 2014, June 22\u201327, 2014, Baltimore, MD, USA, Volume 1: Long Papers","author":"Zhang Meishan","year":"2014"},{"key":"bib34","volume-title":"ACL 2008, Proceedings of the 46th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, June 15\u201320, 2008, Columbus, Ohio, USA","author":"Zhang Yue","year":"2008"},{"key":"bib35","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, EMNLP 2010, 9\u201311 October 2010, MIT Stata Center, Massachusetts, USA, A meeting of SIGDAT, a Special Interest Group of the ACL","author":"Zhang Yue","year":"2010"},{"key":"bib36","volume-title":"NAACL HLT 2015, The 2015 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Denver, Colorado, USA, May 31 - June 5, 2015","author":"Zhang Yuan","year":"2015"},{"key":"bib37","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, EMNLP 2013, 18\u201321 October 2013, Grand Hyatt Seattle, Seattle, Washington, USA, A meeting of SIGDAT, a Special Interest Group of the ACL","author":"Zheng Xiaoqing","year":"2013"},{"key":"bib38","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 57th Conference of the Association for Computational Linguistics, ACL 2019, Florence, Italy, July 28 - August 2, 2019, Volume 1: Long Papers","author":"Zhong Ming","year":"2019"}],"container-title":["Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mitpressjournals.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1162\/tacl_a_00301","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T21:39:33Z","timestamp":1615585173000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/tacl\/article\/43541"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"references-count":38,"alternative-id":["10.1162\/tacl_a_00301"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/tacl_a_00301","relation":{},"ISSN":["2307-387X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2307-387X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}}}