{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T08:03:31Z","timestamp":1773821011884,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Recent years have seen a growing interest within the natural language processing (NLP) community in evaluating the ability of semantic models to capture human meaning representation in the brain. Existing research has mainly focused on applying semantic models to decode brain activity patterns associated with the meaning of individual words, and, more recently, this approach has been extended to sentences and larger text fragments. Our work is the first to investigate metaphor processing in the brain in this context. We evaluate a range of semantic models (word embeddings, compositional, and visual models) in their ability to decode brain activity associated with reading of both literal and metaphoric sentences. Our results suggest that compositional models and word embeddings are able to capture differences in the processing of literal and metaphoric sentences, providing support for the idea that the literal meaning is not fully accessible during familiar metaphor comprehension. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,27]],"date-time":"2020-04-27T16:46:05Z","timestamp":1588005965000},"page":"231-246","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Decoding Brain Activity Associated with Literal and Metaphoric Sentence Comprehension Using Distributional Semantic Models"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Vesna G.","family":"Djokic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ILLC, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands."}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Maillard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Computer Science & Technology, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom."}]},{"given":"Luana","family":"Bulat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Computer Science & Technology, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom."}]},{"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Shutova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ILLC, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands."}]}],"member":"281","reference":[{"key":"bib1","first-page":"4379","volume":"27","author":"Anderson Andrew J.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"bib2","first-page":"1960","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","author":"Anderson Andrew J.","year":"2013"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.06.093","volume":"120","author":"Anderson Andrew J.","year":"2015","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00043"},{"issue":"6","key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2396","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhy110","volume":"29","author":"Anderson Andrew J.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.12.035","volume":"128","author":"Anderson Andrew J.","year":"2016","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"bib7","author":"Bahdanau Dzmitry","year":"2014","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"key":"bib8","first-page":"559","volume":"7","author":"Bambini Valentina","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.59.103006.093639","volume":"59","author":"Barsalou Lawrence W.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"issue":"1521","key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0319","volume":"364","author":"Barsalou Lawrence W.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini Yoav","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological)"},{"issue":"12","key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2767","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp055","volume":"19","author":"Binder Jeffrey R.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/0898929054021102"},{"key":"bib14","author":"Bowman Samuel R.","year":"2015","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P16-1139","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)","author":"Bowman Samuel R.","year":"2016"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.03.062","volume":"155","author":"Bugatus Lior","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"bib17","first-page":"1092","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","author":"Bulat Luana","year":"2017"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib18","first-page":"294","volume":"27","author":"Carota Francesca","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.04.271","volume":"56","author":"Chang Kai-min Kevin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage: Special Issue on Multi-variate Deciding and Brain Reading"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2010.21596"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.07.044","volume":"83","author":"Desai Rutvik H.","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"bib22","first-page":"70","volume-title":"Proceedings of the NAACL HLT 2010 First Workshop on Computational Neurolinguistics","author":"Devereux Barry","year":"2010"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib23","first-page":"1","volume":"46","author":"Devereux Barry J.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"bib24","unstructured":"Vesna G. Djokic, Ekaterina Shutova, Elisabeth Wehling, Benjamin Bergen, and Lisa Aziz-Zadeh. forthcoming. Affirmation and negation of metaphorical actions in the brain."},{"issue":"50","key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2011.09.014","volume":"4","author":"Fedorenko Evalina","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"39","key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16428","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1112937108","volume":"108","author":"Fedorenko Evelina","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2015.04.009","volume":"76","author":"Fernandino Leonardo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.112.1.193","volume":"112","author":"Gentner Dedre","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"issue":"7","key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(02)00040-2","volume":"2","author":"Glucksberg Sam","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1997.9.8.1735","volume":"9","author":"Hochreiter Sepp","journal-title":"Neural Computation"},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2014.09.001","volume":"63","author":"Hoffman Paul","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"7600","key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17637","volume":"532","author":"Huth Alexander G.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib33","first-page":"6628","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 31","author":"Jain Shailee","year":"2018"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.06.033","volume":"157","author":"Just Marcel A.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2007.09.003","volume":"107","author":"Kemmerer David","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Language"},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P16-4010","volume-title":"Proceedings of ACL-2016 System Demonstrations","author":"Kiela Douwe","year":"2016"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/P14-2135","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)","author":"Kiela Douwe","year":"2014"},{"key":"bib38","author":"Kingma Diederik P.","year":"2014","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"key":"bib39","volume-title":"Metaphors We Live By","author":"Lakoff George","year":"1980"},{"issue":"4","key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03192726","volume":"37","author":"McRae Ken","year":"2005","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"bib41","unstructured":"Tomas Mikolov, Kai Chen, Greg Corrado, and Jeffrey Dean. 2013. Efficient estimation of word representations in vector space. arXiv, abs\/1301.3781v3"},{"issue":"5880","key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1152876","volume":"320","author":"Mitchell Tom M.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/S16-2003","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Fifth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics","author":"Mohammad Saif","year":"2016"},{"key":"bib44","volume-title":"Imagery and Verbal Processes","author":"Paivio Allan","year":"1971"},{"key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1162","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)","author":"Pennington Jeffrey","year":"2014"},{"key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2012.06.005","volume":"194","author":"Pereira Francisco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03068-4","volume":"9","author":"Pereira Francisco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1706","volume":"6","author":"Pulvermuller Friedemann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-015-0816-y","volume":"115","author":"Russakovsky Olga","year":"2015","journal-title":"IJCV"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.04.012","volume":"27","author":"Sabsevitz David S.","year":"2005","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D16-1017","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","author":"Tilk Ottokar","year":"2016"},{"issue":"10","key":"bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4865","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23692","volume":"38","author":"Wang Jing","year":"2017","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e112575","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0112575","volume":"9","author":"Wehbe Leila","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.03.004","volume":"132","author":"Yangwen Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"NeuroImage"}],"container-title":["Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mitpressjournals.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1162\/tacl_a_00307","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T21:39:34Z","timestamp":1615585174000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/tacl\/article\/96486"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["10.1162\/tacl_a_00307"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/tacl_a_00307","relation":{},"ISSN":["2307-387X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2307-387X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}}}