{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T19:37:52Z","timestamp":1768073872568,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MIT Press","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]],"date-time":"2023-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":330,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Creating high-quality annotated data for task-oriented dialog (ToD) is known to be notoriously difficult, and the challenges are amplified when the goal is to create equitable, culturally adapted, and large-scale ToD datasets for multiple languages. Therefore, the current datasets are still very scarce and suffer from limitations such as translation-based non-native dialogs with translation artefacts, small scale, or lack of cultural adaptation, among others. In this work, we first take stock of the current landscape of multilingual ToD datasets, offering a systematic overview of their properties and limitations. Aiming to reduce all the detected limitations, we then introduce Multi3WOZ, a novel multilingual, multi-domain, multi-parallel ToD dataset. It is large-scale and offers culturally adapted dialogs in 4 languages to enable training and evaluation of multilingual and cross-lingual ToD systems. We describe a complex bottom\u2013up data collection process that yielded the final dataset, and offer the first sets of baseline scores across different ToD-related tasks for future reference, also highlighting its challenging nature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00609","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]],"date-time":"2023-11-27T16:47:46Z","timestamp":1701103666000},"page":"1396-1415","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["<scp>Multi<\/scp>\n          3\n          <scp>WOZ<\/scp>: A Multilingual, Multi-Domain, Multi-Parallel Dataset for Training and Evaluating Culturally Adapted Task-Oriented Dialog Systems"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Songbo","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Language Technology Lab, University of Cambridge, UK. sh2091@cam.ac.uk"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Language Technology Lab, University of Cambridge, UK. hz416@cam.ac.uk"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mete","family":"Hergul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Language Technology Lab, University of Cambridge, UK. mh2071@cam.ac.uk"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Milan","family":"Gritta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huawei Noah\u2019s Ark Lab, London, UK. milan.gritta@huawei.com"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guchun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huawei Noah\u2019s Ark Lab, London, UK. guchun.zhang@huawei.com"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Iacobacci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huawei Noah\u2019s Ark Lab, London, UK. ignacio.iacobacci@huawei.com"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Vuli\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Language Technology Lab, University of Cambridge, UK. iv250@cam.ac.uk"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Korhonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Language Technology Lab, University of Cambridge, UK. alk23@cam.ac.uk"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00416","article-title":"MasakhaNER: Named entity recognition for African languages","volume":"9","author":"Adelani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1804.04838","article-title":"An ontology-based dialogue management system for banking and finance dialogue systems","author":"Altinok","year":"2018","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7674","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-main.618","article-title":"Translation artifacts in cross-lingual transfer learning","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)","author":"Artetxe","year":"2020"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib4","first-page":"65","article-title":"METEOR: An automatic metric for MT evaluation with improved correlation with human judgments","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACL Workshop on Intrinsic and Extrinsic Evaluation Measures for Machine Translation and\/or Summarization","author":"Banerjee","year":"2005"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-024-0881-2_32","volume-title":"Crowdsourcing Named Entity Recognition and Entity Linking Corpora","author":"Bontcheva","year":"2017"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5016","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D18-1547","article-title":"MultiWOZ - a large-scale multi-domain Wizard-of-Oz dataset for task-oriented dialogue modelling","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","author":"Budzianowski","year":"2018"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4516","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D19-1459","article-title":"Taskmaster-1: Toward a realistic and diverse dialog dataset","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP)","author":"Byrne","year":"2019"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.findings-naacl.154","article-title":"NLU++: A multi-label, slot-rich, generalisable dataset for natural language understanding in task-oriented dialogue","volume-title":"Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: NAACL 2022","author":"Casanueva","year":"2022"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8440","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-main.747","article-title":"Unsupervised cross-lingual representation learning at scale","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","author":"Conneau","year":"2020"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D18-1269","article-title":"XNLI: Evaluating cross-lingual sentence representations","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","author":"Conneau","year":"2018"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib11","first-page":"4698","article-title":"Intent detection and slot filling for Vietnamese","volume-title":"Interspeech 2021, 22nd Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, Brno, Czechia, 30 August \u2013 3 September 2021","author":"Dao","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.acl-long.115","article-title":"GlobalWoZ: Globalizing MultiWoZ to develop multilingual task-oriented dialogue systems","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 60th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)","author":"Ding","year":"2022"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6279","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.acl-long.435","article-title":"AmericasNLI: Evaluating zero-shot natural language understanding of pretrained multilingual models in truly low-resource languages","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 60th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)","author":"Ebrahimi","year":"2022"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W17-5526","article-title":"Frames: A corpus for adding memory to goal-oriented dialogue systems","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th Annual SIGdial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue","author":"El Asri","year":"2017"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.acl-long.62","article-title":"Language-agnostic BERT sentence embedding","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 60th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)","author":"Feng","year":"2022"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.acl-long.235","article-title":"MASSIVE: A 1m-example multilingual natural language understanding dataset with 51 typologically-diverse languages","author":"FitzGerald","year":"2022","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2303.08954","article-title":"PRESTO: A multilingual dataset for parsing realistic task-oriented dialogs","author":"Goel","year":"2023","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023112716473313300_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1109\/TSA.2005.854085","article-title":"The AT&T spoken language understanding system","volume":"14","author":"Gupta","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Speech and Audio Processing"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-88483-3_16","article-title":"Multiwoz 2.3: A multi-domain task-oriented dialogue dataset enhanced with annotation corrections and co-reference annotation","volume-title":"Natural Language Processing and Chinese Computing - 10th CCF International Conference, NLPCC 2021, Qingdao, China, October 13\u201317, 2021, Proceedings, Part II","author":"Han","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.sigdial-1.4","article-title":"TripPy: A triple copy strategy for value independent neural dialog state tracking","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 21th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue","author":"Heck","year":"2020"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/116580.116613","article-title":"The ATIS spoken language systems pilot corpus","volume-title":"Speech and Natural Language: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Hidden Valley, Pennsylvania, June 24\u201327,1990","author":"Hemphill","year":"1990"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1109\/SLT.2014.7078595","article-title":"The third dialog state tracking challenge","volume-title":"2014 IEEE Spoken Language Technology Workshop, SLT 2014, South Lake Tahoe, NV, USA, December 7\u201310, 2014","author":"Henderson","year":"2014"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D19-3031","article-title":"Polyresponse: A rank-based approach to task-oriented dialogue with application in restaurant search and booking","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing, EMNLP-IJCNLP 2019, Hong Kong, China, November 3\u20137, 2019 - System Demonstrations","author":"Henderson","year":"2019"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6997","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.acl-long.482","article-title":"Challenges and strategies in cross-cultural NLP","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 60th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)","author":"Hershcovich","year":"2022"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib25","article-title":"A simple language model for task-oriented dialogue","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 34th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"Hosseini-Asl","year":"2020"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib26","first-page":"4411","article-title":"XTREME: A massively multilingual multi-task benchmark for evaluating cross-lingual generalisation","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2020, 13\u201318 July 2020, Virtual Event","author":"Junjie","year":"2020"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3687","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.naacl-main.270","article-title":"Multi2WOZ: A robust multilingual dataset and conversational pretraining for task-oriented dialog","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2022 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies","author":"Hung","year":"2022"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00300","article-title":"SpanBERT: Improving pre-training by representing and predicting spans","volume":"8","author":"Joshi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6282","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-main.560","article-title":"The state and fate of linguistic diversity and inclusion in the NLP world","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","author":"Joshi","year":"2020"},{"issue":"9","key":"2023112716473313300_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocy072","article-title":"Conversational agents in healthcare: A systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Laranjo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2207.13211","article-title":"A survey of intent classification and slot-filling datasets for task-oriented dialog","author":"Larson","year":"2022","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.emnlp-demo.21","article-title":"Datasets: A community library for natural language processing","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations","author":"Lhoest","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib33","first-page":"74","article-title":"ROUGE: A package for automatic evaluation of summaries","volume-title":"Text Summarization Branches Out","author":"Lin","year":"2004"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5640","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.naacl-main.448","article-title":"Leveraging slot descriptions for zero-shot cross-domain dialogue StateTracking","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies","author":"Lin","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3391","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-main.273","article-title":"MinTL: Minimalist transfer learning for task-oriented dialogue systems","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)","author":"Lin","year":"2020"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib36","article-title":"BiToD: A bilingual multi-domain dataset for task-oriented dialogue modeling","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Neural Information Processing Systems Track on Datasets and Benchmarks 1, NeurIPS Datasets and Benchmarks 2021, December 2021, virtual","author":"Lin","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00539","article-title":"Cross-lingual dialogue dataset creation via outline-based generation","volume":"11","author":"Majewska","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib38","first-page":"216","article-title":"A SICK cure for the evaluation of compositional distributional semantic models","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC\u201914)","author":"Marelli","year":"2014"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3732","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.findings-acl.230","article-title":"Multi3NLU++: A multilingual, multi-intent, multi-domain dataset for natural language understanding in task-oriented dialogue","volume-title":"Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2023","author":"Moghe","year":"2023"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00063","article-title":"Semantic specialization of distributional word vector spaces using monolingual and cross-lingual constraints","volume":"5","author":"Mrk\u0161i\u0107","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3115\/1073083.1073135","article-title":"BLEU: A method for automatic evaluation of machine translation","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","author":"Papineni","year":"2002"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00399","article-title":"Soloist: Building task bots at scale with transfer learning and machine teaching","volume":"9","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2362","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-main.185","article-title":"XCOPA: A multilingual dataset for causal commonsense reasoning","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)","author":"Ponti","year":"2020"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023112716473313300_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1162\/coli_a_00357","article-title":"Modeling language variation and universals: A survey on typological linguistics for natural language processing","volume":"45","author":"Ponti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Computational Linguistics"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-main.67","article-title":"RiSAWOZ: A large-scale multi-domain Wizard-of-Oz dataset with rich semantic annotations for task-oriented dialogue modeling","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)","author":"Quan","year":"2020"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.21437\/Interspeech.2005-399","article-title":"Let\u2019s go public! Taking a spoken dialog system to the real world","volume-title":"INTERSPEECH 2005 - Eurospeech, 9th European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology, Lisbon, Portugal, September 4\u20138, 2005","author":"Raux","year":"2005"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.1.13083","article-title":"Crossing the conversational chasm: A primer on natural language processing for multilingual task-oriented dialogue systems","volume":"74","author":"Razumovskaia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4821","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.findings-emnlp.414","article-title":"\u2018Just what do you think you\u2019re doing, dave?\u2019 A checklist for responsible data use in NLP","volume-title":"Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2021","author":"Rogers","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3118","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.acl-long.243","article-title":"How good is your tokenizer? On the monolingual performance of multilingual language models","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 59th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 11th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)","author":"Rust","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3795","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N19-1380","article-title":"Cross-lingual transfer learning for multilingual task oriented dialog","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)","author":"Schuster","year":"2019"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N18-3006","article-title":"Bootstrapping a neural conversational agent with dialogue self-play, crowdsourcing and on-line reinforcement learning","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, NAACL-HLT 2018, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, June 1\u20136, 2018, Volume 3 (Industry Papers)","author":"Shah","year":"2018"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4661","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.acl-long.319","article-title":"Multi-task pre-training for plug-and-play task-oriented dialogue system","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 60th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)","author":"Yixuan","year":"2022"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023112716473313300_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1109\/TASL.2009.2038810","article-title":"The CALO meeting assistant system","volume":"18","author":"T\u00fcr","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Speech Audio Processing"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6034","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2018.8461905","article-title":"(almost) zero-shot cross-lingual spoken language understanding","volume-title":"2018 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, ICASSP 2018, Calgary, AB, Canada, April 15\u201320, 2018","author":"Upadhyay","year":"2018"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023112716473313300_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csl.2006.06.008","article-title":"Partially observable markov decision processes for spoken dialog systems","volume":"21","author":"Williams","year":"2007","journal-title":"Computer Speech & Language"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-demos.6","article-title":"Transformers: State-of-the-art natural language processing","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations","author":"Wolf","year":"2020"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P19-1078","article-title":"Transferable multi- domain state generator for task-oriented dialogue systems","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","author":"Chien-Sheng","year":"2019"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2305.13710","article-title":"Using textual interface to align external knowledge for end-to-end task-oriented dialogue systems","author":"Qingyang","year":"2023","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5052","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-main.410","article-title":"End-to-end slot alignment and recognition for cross-lingual NLU","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)","author":"Weijia","year":"2020"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.naacl-main.41","article-title":"mT5: A massively multilingual pre-trained text-to-text transformer","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies","author":"Xue","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4618","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v31i1.11182","article-title":"Building task-oriented dialogue systems for online shopping","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Thirty-First AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, February 4\u20139, 2017, San Francisco, California, USA","author":"Yan","year":"2017"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023112716473313300_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2010.935874","article-title":"Cognitive user interfaces","volume":"27","author":"Young","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Processing Magazine"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.findings-eacl.73","article-title":"XQA-DST: Multi-domain and multi-lingual dialogue state tracking","volume-title":"Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EACL 2023","author":"Zhou","year":"2023"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2211.17148","article-title":"Convlab-3: A flexible dialogue system toolkit based on a unified data format","author":"Qi","year":"2022","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00314","article-title":"CrossWOZ: A large-scale Chinese cross-domain task-oriented dialogue dataset","volume":"8","author":"Qi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics"},{"key":"2023112716473313300_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2112.08333","article-title":"AllWOZ: Towards multilingual task-oriented dialog systems for all","author":"Zuo","year":"2021","journal-title":"CoRR"}],"container-title":["Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/tacl\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1162\/tacl_a_00609\/2184060\/tacl_a_00609.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/tacl\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1162\/tacl_a_00609\/2184060\/tacl_a_00609.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]],"date-time":"2023-11-27T16:48:51Z","timestamp":1701103731000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/tacl\/article\/doi\/10.1162\/tacl_a_00609\/118298\/Multi3WOZ-A-Multilingual-Multi-Domain-Multi"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"references-count":66,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/tacl_a_00609","relation":{},"ISSN":["2307-387X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2307-387X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}}}