{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T05:37:44Z","timestamp":1767850664352,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MIT Press","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]],"date-time":"2024-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":158,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The introduction of large public legal datasets has brought about a renaissance in legal NLP. Many of these datasets are composed of legal judgments\u2014the product of judges deciding cases. Since ML algorithms learn to model the data they are trained on, several legal NLP models are models of judges. While some have argued for the automation of judges, in this position piece, we argue that automating the role of the judge raises difficult ethical challenges, in particular for common law legal systems. Our argument follows from the social role of the judge in actively shaping the law, rather than merely applying it. Since current NLP models are too far away from having the facilities necessary for this task, they should not be used to automate judges. Furthermore, even in the case that the models could achieve human-level capabilities, there would still be remaining ethical concerns inherent in the automation of the legal process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00668","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]],"date-time":"2024-06-07T17:25:56Z","timestamp":1717781156000},"page":"700-720","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Ethics of Automating Legal Actors"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Josef","family":"Valvoda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cambridge, UK. jv406@cam.ac.uk"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alec","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cambridge, UK. at808@cam.ac.uk"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Cotterell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETH Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland. ryan.cotterell@inf.ethz.ch"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Teufel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cambridge, UK. sht25@cam.ac.uk"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"281","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2024060717254452800_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.3138\/UTLJ.4008","article-title":"The path of the law: Towards legal singularity","volume":"66","author":"Alarie","year":"2016","journal-title":"University of Toronto Law Journal"},{"key":"2024060717254452800_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2878950","article-title":"Regulation by machine","author":"Alarie","year":"2016","journal-title":"SSRN Electronic Journal"},{"key":"2024060717254452800_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e93","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.93","article-title":"Predicting judicial decisions of the European Court of Human Rights: A natural language processing perspective","volume":"2","author":"Aletras","year":"2016","journal-title":"PeerJ Computer Science"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2024060717254452800_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-3702(03)00105-X","article-title":"Using background knowledge in case-based legal reasoning: A computational model and an intelligent learning environment","volume":"150","author":"Aleven","year":"2003","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"2024060717254452800_bib5","first-page":"87","article-title":"Teaching case-based argumentation through a model and examples empirical evaluation of an intelligent learning environment","volume-title":"Artificial Intelligence in Education","author":"Aleven","year":"1997"},{"key":"2024060717254452800_bib6","unstructured":"Kevin\n              Ashley\n            \n          . 1988. 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