{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T06:17:10Z","timestamp":1789539430541,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Evolutionary Computation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Substitution Boxes (S-Boxes) play an important role in many modern-day cryptographic algorithms, more commonly known as ciphers. Without carefully chosen S-Boxes, such ciphers would be easier to break. Therefore, it is not surprising that the design of suitable S-Boxes attracts a lot of attention in the cryptography community. The evolutionary computation (EC) community also had several attempts using evolutionary paradigms to evolve S-Boxes with good cryptographic properties. This article focuses on a fitness function one should use when evolving highly nonlinear S-Boxes. After an extensive experimental analysis of the current state-of-the-art fitness functions, we present a new one that offers higher speed and better results when compared with the aforementioned fitness functions. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/evco_a_00191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,2]],"date-time":"2016-08-02T15:38:17Z","timestamp":1470152297000},"page":"695-718","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["A New Cost Function for Evolution of S-Boxes"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Stjepan","family":"Picek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven, ESAT\/COSIC and iMinds, Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, bus 2452, B-3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium and LAGA, UMR 7539, CNRS, University of Paris 8, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marko","family":"Cupic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven, ESAT\/COSIC and iMinds, Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, bus 2452, B-3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium and LAGA, UMR 7539, CNRS, University of Paris 8, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leon","family":"Rotim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"281","reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-38424-3_1"},{"key":"B2","first-page":"450","author":"Bogdanov A.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems"},{"key":"B3","first-page":"208","volume":"7658","author":"Borghoff J.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Advances in Cryptology"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.2005.864481"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-44706-7_21"},{"key":"B6","author":"Burnett L. 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