{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T05:01:18Z","timestamp":1789016478705,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MIT Press","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":307,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NINDS R01 NS132872"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NINDS R01 NS132872"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Engagement of the retrieval state (or mode) is theorized to be a precursor to successful retrieval, but precisely when the retrieval state is engaged is unclear. Our aim in the present study is to determine the time course of retrieval state initiation. Based on growing evidence that the retrieval state reflects internal attention, we hypothesize that the retrieval state is reactionary rather than preparatory, whereby the retrieval state is engaged following\u2014rather than preceding\u2014a stimulus. We collected scalp electroencephalography data during a mnemonic state task in which we explicitly biased participants to engage in either retrieval or encoding states, and in which we manipulated the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) between the instruction and stimulus onsets. Our general expectation is that selective engagement of the retrieval state will only occur after stimulus presentation and thus be unaffected by the SOA. Our behavioral results show that regardless of the SOA, a bias to retrieval compared with encoding leads to worse memory for object stimuli. Using cross-study multivariate pattern analyses, we find robust engagement of the retrieval state approximately 500 ms following stimulus onset and no evidence for selective retrieval state engagement during the instruction interval. Together, these findings suggest that retrieval state engagement is reactionary and is consistent with the retrieval state reflecting internal attention engaged in the attempt to access stored information.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/imag.a.1023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T20:01:17Z","timestamp":1762286477000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Evidence for a reactionary account of retrieval state initiation"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Subin","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3766-2764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole M.","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2025112114553780900_IMAG.a.1023-b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.00192","article-title":"Fuzzy-trace theory and false memory","volume":"11","author":"Brainerd","year":"2002","journal-title":"Current Directions in Psychological Science"},{"key":"2025112114553780900_IMAG.a.1023-b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-019-0212-7","article-title":"The brain\u2019s default network: Updated anatomy, physiology and evolving insights","volume":"20","author":"Buckner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025112114553780900_IMAG.a.1023-b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2006.05.033","article-title":"Recovering EEG brain signals: Artifact suppression with wavelet enhanced independent component analysis","volume":"158","author":"Castellanos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience Methods"},{"key":"2025112114553780900_IMAG.a.1023-b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.093008.100427","article-title":"A taxonomy of external and internal attention","volume":"62","author":"Chun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"issue":"42","key":"2025112114553780900_IMAG.a.1023-b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13998","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2535-14.2014","article-title":"Temporal memory is shaped by encoding stability and intervening item reactivation","volume":"34","author":"DuBrow","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"6093","key":"2025112114553780900_IMAG.a.1023-b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1221936","article-title":"Memory\u2019s penumbra: Episodic memory decisions induce lingering mnemonic biases","volume":"337","author":"Duncan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025112114553780900_IMAG.a.1023-b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1794","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.4.1794","article-title":"Task-related and item-related brain processes of memory retrieval","volume":"96","author":"Duzel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"2025112114553780900_IMAG.a.1023-b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.12.068","article-title":"Electrophysiological evidence for retrieval mode immediately after a task switch","volume":"108","author":"Evans","year":"2015","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"29","key":"2025112114553780900_IMAG.a.1023-b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9793","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0915-10.2010","article-title":"Voluntary control over prestimulus activity related to encoding","volume":"30","author":"Gruber","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025112114553780900_IMAG.a.1023-b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20116","article-title":"What is the function of hippocampal theta rhythm? - Linking behavioral data to phasic properties of field potential and unit recording data","volume":"15","author":"Hasselmo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"2025112114553780900_IMAG.a.1023-b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1162\/089976602317318965","article-title":"A proposed function for hippocampal theta rhythm: Separate phases of encoding and retrieval enhance reversal of prior learning","volume":"14","author":"Hasselmo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neural Computation"},{"key":"2025112114553780900_IMAG.a.1023-b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.04.011","article-title":"An electrophysiological dissociation of retrieval mode and retrieval orientation","volume":"22","author":"Herron","year":"2004","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025112114553780900_IMAG.a.1023-b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_02022","article-title":"Spatiotemporal dynamics of memory encoding and memory retrieval states","volume":"35","author":"Hong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025112114553780900_IMAG.a.1023-b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2021.104685","article-title":"Component processes underlying voluntary task selection: Separable contributions of task-set inertia and reconfiguration","volume":"212","author":"Imburgio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025112114553780900_IMAG.a.1023-b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1037\/a0019165","article-title":"Conceptual distinctiveness supports detailed visual long-term memory for real-world objects","volume":"139","author":"Konkle","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"issue":"23","key":"2025112114553780900_IMAG.a.1023-b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8051","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4328-13.2014","article-title":"Successful remembering elicits event-specific activity patterns in lateral parietal cortex","volume":"34","author":"Kuhl","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025112114553780900_IMAG.a.1023-b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5768","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6768","article-title":"Competition between items in working memory leads to forgetting","volume":"5","author":"Lewis-Peacock","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"2025112114553780900_IMAG.a.1023-b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2690","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-024-02965-9","article-title":"Attention focused on memory: The episodic flanker effect with letters, words, colors, and pictures","volume":"86","author":"Logan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025112114553780900_IMAG.a.1023-b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1037\/rev0000272","article-title":"The episodic flanker effect: Memory retrieval as attention turned inward","volume":"128","author":"Logan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"issue":"3861","key":"2025112114553780900_IMAG.a.1023-b20","first-page":"1","article-title":"The intersection of the retrieval state and internal attention","volume":"14","author":"Long","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025112114553780900_IMAG.a.1023-b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2724-17.2018","article-title":"Bottom-up and top-down factors differentially influence stimulus representations across large-scale attentional networks","volume":"38","author":"Long","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025112114553780900_IMAG.a.1023-b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.07.014","article-title":"Decoding the tradeoff between encoding and retrieval to predict memory for overlapping events","volume":"201","author":"Long","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2025112114553780900_IMAG.a.1023-b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2021.01.004","article-title":"Cortical representations of visual stimuli shift locations with changes in memory states","volume":"31","author":"Long","year":"2021","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"2025112114553780900_IMAG.a.1023-b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119170174.epcn109","article-title":"Memory and attention","volume-title":"Stevens\u2019 Handbook of Experimental Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience","author":"Long","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025112114553780900_IMAG.a.1023-b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200201210-00034","article-title":"Getting ready to remember: The neural correlates of task set during recognition memory","volume":"13","author":"Morcom","year":"2002","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"2025112114553780900_IMAG.a.1023-b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2010.07.015","article-title":"Faster: Fully automated statistical thresholding for EEG artifact rejection","volume":"192","author":"Nolan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025112114553780900_IMAG.a.1023-b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797617728592","article-title":"Lingering cognitive states shape fundamental mnemonic abilities","volume":"29","author":"Patil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025112114553780900_IMAG.a.1023-b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(00)01445-5","article-title":"Retrieval processing and episodic memory","volume":"4","author":"Rugg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"issue":"31","key":"2025112114553780900_IMAG.a.1023-b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0452-24.2024","article-title":"Top-down task goals induce the retrieval state","volume":"44","author":"Smith","year":"2024","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"14","key":"2025112114553780900_IMAG.a.1023-b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3000","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1091-21.2022","article-title":"Temporal context modulates encoding and retrieval of overlapping events","volume":"42","author":"Smith","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025112114553780900_IMAG.a.1023-b31","volume-title":"Elements of episodic memory","author":"Tulving","year":"1983"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025112114553780900_IMAG.a.1023-b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1038\/s44271-024-00165-7","article-title":"Prior memory responses modulate behavior and brain state engagement","volume":"2","author":"Wheelock","year":"2024","journal-title":"Communications Psychology"}],"container-title":["Imaging Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/imag\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1162\/IMAG.a.1023\/2562002\/imag.a.1023.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/imag\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1162\/IMAG.a.1023\/2562002\/imag.a.1023.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T19:55:48Z","timestamp":1763754948000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/imag\/article\/doi\/10.1162\/IMAG.a.1023\/133841\/Evidence-for-a-reactionary-account-of-retrieval"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":32,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/imag.a.1023","relation":{},"ISSN":["2837-6056"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2837-6056","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"article-number":"IMAG.a.1023"}}