{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T02:57:25Z","timestamp":1768013845074,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"MIT Press","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Diffusion-weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging (dMRI) has emerged as an imaging modality of interest to measure axon diameters noninvasively. The previously observed b-\u00bd power law scaling suggests that high b-value dMRI signals originate from water confined within \u201cstick\u201d geometries, representing impermeable cellular processes. A key assumption is that any deviation from this power law at high b-values\u2014modeled as a non-zero perpendicular intracellular diffusivity\u2014must be specifically axonal in origin. Recent developments in axon diameter mapping build upon such assumptions, thereby neglecting the possibility that other cellular structures, such as glial processes, may also exhibit similar \u201cstick\u201d-like characteristics. This explorative study investigates the validity of axon diameter mapping by evaluating its robustness to experimental variation. In particular, it compares the mapping of the axon diameter using the zeroth- (spherical mean) and second-order (spherical variance) rotationally invariant spherical harmonic (RISH) features. As a condition for validity, axon diameter should be robust to such variations in RISH order. A novel log-linear estimator with a closed-form solution for computationally efficient axon diameter mapping is introduced, which can be applied with a minimum of two high b-value measurements. Using this estimator, it was observed that axon diameter measurements vary with RISH order, suggesting that high b-value signals from non-axonal cellular sources may confound axon diameter mapping. Monte Carlo simulations show that such dependence on RISH order could be explained by the presence of glial processes. Overall, these results highlight the need for caution in the interpretation of dMRI-derived \u201caxon\u201d diameter.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/imag.a.1080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T20:04:54Z","timestamp":1765310694000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Revisiting the interpretation of axon diameter mapping using higher-order signal representations"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6550-1418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bradley G.","family":"Karat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Western University, London, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jamie","family":"Wren-Jarvis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erika P.","family":"Raven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States"},{"name":"Institute for Translational Neuroscience, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali R.","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Western University, London, ON, 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