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Passive finger movement\u2014externally generated movement without voluntary muscle activity\u2014is a robust approach to investigate the neural representation of kinesthesia and proprioception. While some studies have characterized the neural correlates of passive finger movement, they have relied solely on mass univariate analysis, potentially limiting sensitivity. Additionally, limited consideration has been given to stimulus duration, a factor closely tied to kinematic features such as amplitude and velocity, which more recent modeling approaches account for explicitly. Here, we reanalyzed previously published data using both univariate and multivariate analyses to examine how kinesthesia is represented in the brain in neurotypical subjects across two experiments. Systematic passive stimulation of the fingers was provided using an MR-compatible robot while functional magnetic resonance imaging data were recorded. Our analyses were conducted separately for amplitude, velocity, and direction and adjusted for stimulus duration, thereby controlling for this factor whether or not neural activation scaled with it. We provide a detailed mapping of brain areas related to these kinematic features, including sensorimotor, subcortical, and cerebellar regions. In general, multivariate pattern analysis was more sensitive than the univariate approach in identifying brain regions associated with passive finger movement. Our univariate results showed that activity in sensorimotor and subcortical areas was higher for larger amplitudes and slower velocities, which contrasted with the original study\u2019s findings, likely due to our treatment of stimulus duration as a parametric modulator. A novel result was that sensorimotor areas showed higher activation for extension compared to flexion of passive finger movement. Across kinematic features, a larger neural representation was observed for amplitude and direction than for velocity, suggesting that kinesthesia and proprioception may rely more strongly on displacement than on movement. Whereas univariate analyses are limited in addressing heterogeneity across voxels, our multivariate analyses revealed that a broader set of brain regions carried condition-related information about passive movement, based on distributed voxel activity patterns. Together, these findings extend current knowledge on how the brain represents physical kinematic features of finger movements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/imag.a.1083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T21:45:01Z","timestamp":1765403101000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Neural correlates of kinematic features of passive finger movement revealed by univariate and multivariate fMRI analyses"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0278-203X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo S.P.","family":"Pamplona","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SensoriMotorLab, Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital\/Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Department of Ophthalmology\/University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"},{"name":"Rehabilitation Engineering Laboratory (RELab), Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Sulzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Beldzik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Lambercy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Engineering Laboratory (RELab), Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvio","family":"Ionta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SensoriMotorLab, Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital\/Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Department of Ophthalmology\/University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Gassert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Engineering Laboratory (RELab), Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jarrod","family":"Lewis-Peacock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2026010714555205400_IMAG.a.1083-b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687814019841921","DOI":"10.1177\/1687814019841921","article-title":"Robotics for rehabilitation of hand movement in stroke survivors","volume":"11","author":"Aggogeri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Advances in Mechanical Engineering"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026010714555205400_IMAG.a.1083-b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1998.0377","article-title":"Event-related potentials elicited by passive movements in humans: Characterization, source analysis, and comparison to fMRI","volume":"8","author":"Alary","year":"1998","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026010714555205400_IMAG.a.1083-b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12360","article-title":"The default network and self-generated thought: Component processes, dynamic control, and clinical relevance","volume":"1316","author":"Andrews-Hanna","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026010714555205400_IMAG.a.1083-b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1888","article-title":"Neural correlations, population coding and computation","volume":"7","author":"Averbeck","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026010714555205400_IMAG.a.1083-b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(00)00420-X","article-title":"Somatosensory cortex responses to median nerve stimulation: fMRI effects of current amplitude and selective attention","volume":"111","author":"Backes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology: Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2026010714555205400_IMAG.a.1083-b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bae, S. 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