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Research Program of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Morphometric measures derived from spinal cord segmentations can serve as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in neurological diseases and injuries affecting the spinal cord. For instance, the spinal cord cross-sectional area can be used to monitor cord atrophy in multiple sclerosis and to characterize compression in degenerative cervical myelopathy. While robust, automatic segmentation methods to a wide variety of contrasts and pathologies have been developed over the past few years, whether their predictions are stable as the model is updated using new datasets has not been assessed. This is particularly important for deriving normative values from healthy participants. In this study, we present a spinal cord segmentation model trained on a multisite (n = 75 sites, 1,631 participants) dataset, including 9 different MRI contrasts and several spinal cord pathologies. We also introduce a lifelong learning framework to automatically monitor the morphometric drift as the model is updated using additional datasets. The framework is triggered by an automatic GitHub Actions workflow every time a new model is created, recording the morphometric values derived from the model\u2019s predictions over time. As a real-world application of the proposed framework, we employed the spinal cord segmentation model to update a recently introduced normative database of healthy participants containing commonly used measures of spinal cord morphometry. Results showed that (i) our model performs well compared with its previous versions and existing pathology-specific models on the lumbar spinal cord, images with severe compression, and in the presence of intramedullary lesions and\/or atrophy achieving an average Dice score of 0.95 \u00b1 0.03; (ii) the automatic workflow for monitoring morphometric drift provides a quick feedback loop for developing future segmentation models; and (iii) the scaling factor required to update the database of morphometric measures is nearly constant among slices across the given vertebral levels, showing minimum drift between the current and previous versions of the model monitored by the framework. The code and model are open source and accessible via Spinal Cord Toolbox v7.0.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/imag.a.1105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T20:02:07Z","timestamp":1767643327000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Monitoring morphometric drift in lifelong learning segmentation of the spinal cord"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2940-5514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enamundram","family":"Naga Karthik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NeuroPoly Lab, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada"},{"name":"Mila\u2014Quebec AI Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandrine","family":"B\u00e9dard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NeuroPoly Lab, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Valo\u0161ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NeuroPoly Lab, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada"},{"name":"Mila\u2014Quebec AI Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palack\u00fd University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palack\u00fd University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph S.","family":"Aigner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Max Planck Research Group MR Physics, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elise","family":"Bannier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroradiology, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josef","family":"Bedna\u0159\u00edk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginie","family":"Callot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille, France"},{"name":"APHM, CHU Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Combes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NMR Research Unit, Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University 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Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom\u00e1\u0161","family":"Hor\u00e1k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne","family":"Humphreys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Praxis Spinal Cord Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Hupp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Kerbrat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EMPENN Research Team, IRISA, CNRS\u2011INSERM\u2011INRIA, Rennes Universit\u00e9, Rennes, France"},{"name":"Neurology Department, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nawal","family":"Kinany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuro-X Institute, Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Radiology and Medical Informatics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon","family":"Kolind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and the Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petr","family":"Kudli\u010dka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia"},{"name":"Multimodal and Functional Imaging Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno, Czechia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Lebret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa Eunyoung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caterina","family":"Mainero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allan R.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"McGrath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Govind","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"qMRI Core Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin 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Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constantina Andrada","family":"Treaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charidimos","family":"Tsagkas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States"},{"name":"Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary","family":"Vavasour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Radiology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitri","family":"Van De Ville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuro-X Institute, Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Radiology and Medical Informatics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth Arnold","family":"Weber II","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarath","family":"Chandar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mila\u2014Quebec AI Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada"},{"name":"Canada CIFAR AI Chair, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julien","family":"Cohen-Adad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NeuroPoly Lab, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada"},{"name":"Mila\u2014Quebec AI Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada"},{"name":"Functional Neuroimaging Unit, CRIUGM, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC, Canada"},{"name":"Centre de Recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012214562240100_IMAG.a.1105-b1","first-page":"331","article-title":"Framing lifelong learning as autonomous deployment: Tune once live forever","volume-title":"Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering","author":"Agirre","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026012214562240100_IMAG.a.1105-b2","volume-title":"Beginning MLOps with MLFlow: Deploy models in AWS SageMaker, Google cloud, and Microsoft azure","author":"Alla","year":"2020","edition":"1st"},{"key":"2026012214562240100_IMAG.a.1105-b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2021.102849","article-title":"Minimum detectable spinal cord atrophy with automatic segmentation: Investigations using an open-access dataset of healthy participants","volume":"32","author":"Bautin","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeuroImage. 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