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However, large-scale datasets characterizing variability, reliability, and multimodal neural responses to TBS remain limited. To address this gap, we established the Philadelphia Theta Burst Project, a dataset of 100 healthy participants who completed 4 fMRI sessions following cumulatively increasing doses of intermittent or continuous TBS, with participants randomized to one protocol or the other. Each session includes multiband, multi-echo resting-state (16 minutes) and task-based fMRI (16 minutes) during a Sternberg working memory paradigm. TMS targeting was guided by task-evoked activation in the left dlPFC. Structural T1-weighted, T2-weighted, and diffusion-weighted imaging were also acquired. Here, we describe the dataset design, acquisition protocol, and data characteristics, and report initial measures of data quality and reliability. The completed dataset can be accessed at https:\/\/openneuro.org\/datasets\/ds008893, providing an open resource for future investigations of TBS mechanisms and individualized neuromodulation strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/imag.a.1314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T20:02:11Z","timestamp":1783454531000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Philadelphia Theta Burst Project: A novel fMRI-guided electric field modeling dataset with reliability metrics"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"David F.","family":"Gregory","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivy","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Teferi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Gura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States"},{"name":"Neuroscience Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United 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of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas H.","family":"Schultz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Brain, Biology and Behavior, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashish","family":"Jeyapratap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quinn","family":"Tate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walid","family":"Makhoul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi-De","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noninvasive Neuromodulation Unit, Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Desmond J.","family":"Oathes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States"},{"name":"Center for Brain Imaging and Stimulation, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States"},{"name":"Penn Brain Science, Translation, Innovation, and Modulation Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvette I.","family":"Sheline","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8565-1544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas L.","family":"Balderston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States"},{"name":"Center for Brain Imaging and Stimulation, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States"},{"name":"Penn Brain Science, 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