{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T05:23:15Z","timestamp":1787462595795,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MIT Press","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZIA NS003157"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZIA NS003157"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Fatigability refers to the inability of the neuromuscular system to generate enough force to produce movements to meet task challenges. Fatigability has a central and a peripheral component linked via the neuromuscular system, but how these two components interact as fatigue develops lacks a complete understanding. The effects of fatigability are experienced in healthy humans but also accompany various disorders, often exacerbating their symptoms. We studied how fatigability develops in the neuromuscular system using multimodal neuroimaging. We recruited healthy participants to perform a fatiguing grip force task, while recording force, electromyography of forearm muscles (EMG), electroencephalography (EEG), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in 30-second blocks of grip task alternating with 30 seconds of rest. The task entailed maintaining 50% of the maximum force. We combined EMG and EEG to compute corticomuscular coherence and combined EEG and fMRI to compute EEG-informed fMRI. We selected eight task blocks specific to each participant to represent how the neuromuscular system adapted from pre-fatigability to actual fatigability. Those included five blocks for pre-fatigability in which participants could generate enough force to match the required 50% of maximum force and three blocks when the force fell below that limit. Across blocks of the grip force task, we observed changes in the neuromuscular system that preceded grip force changes. We found that electromyography of arm muscles shifted from high to low frequency, EEG in the channel covering the contralateral sensorimotor area increased steadily up to the fifth block and then plateaued, and fMRI signal also increased in the cerebellum. Corticomuscular coherence increased within each of the 30-second blocks of the grip task. EEG-informed fMRI revealed areas of the brain that the traditional regression did not, including the bilateral sensorimotor cortex, temporal-parietal junction, and supplementary motor area. Thus, as fatigability developed, the neuromuscular system experienced changes earlier than the actual behavior. While we found evidence for fatigability of central and peripheral origins, peripheral fatigue seems to occur first.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/imag.a.132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T20:02:08Z","timestamp":1755028928000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Multimodal neuroimaging of fatigability development"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9447-6779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Bedard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristine M.","family":"Knutson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioral Neurology Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick M.","family":"McGurrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felipe","family":"Vial","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cl\u00ednica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Traian","family":"Popa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvina G.","family":"Horovitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Hallett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avindra","family":"Nath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Walitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00029","article-title":"EEG-informed fMRI: A review of data analysis methods","volume":"12","author":"Abreu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2000.0599","article-title":"A method for removing imaging artifact from continuous EEG recorded during functional MRI","volume":"12","author":"Allen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2024.05.004","article-title":"Denoising of the gradient artifact present in simultaneous studies of muscle blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal and electromyography (EMG)","volume":"111","author":"Amador-Tejada","year":"2024","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging"},{"issue":"Pt 21","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5299","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2011.213769","article-title":"Implications of group III and IV muscle afferents for high-intensity endurance exercise performance in humans","volume":"589","author":"Amann","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00049.2013","article-title":"Peripheral fatigue limits endurance exercise via a sensory feedback-mediated reduction in spinal motoneuronal output","volume":"115","author":"Amann","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1249\/JES.0000000000000233","article-title":"On the influence of Group III\/IV muscle afferent feedback on endurance exercise performance","volume":"48","author":"Amann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0270(96)02214-5","article-title":"An extended difference of coherence test for comparing and combining several independent coherence estimates: Theory and application to the study of motor units and physiological tremor","volume":"73","author":"Amjad","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12629","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-63085-w","article-title":"Robust memory of face moral values is encoded in the human caudate tail: A simultaneous EEG-fMRI study","volume":"14","author":"Ataei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1997.225bo.x","article-title":"Coherent oscillations in monkey motor cortex and hand muscle EMG show task-dependent modulation","volume":"501","author":"Baker","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Physiol (Lond.)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22870","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-01903-1","article-title":"Reorganization of functional and directed corticomuscular connectivity during precision grip from childhood to adulthood","volume":"11","author":"Beck","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20152","article-title":"Visual evoked potentials recovered from fMRI scan periods","volume":"26","author":"Becker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Series B (Methodol)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-007-0973-5","article-title":"Changes in the functional MR signal in motor and non-motor areas during intermittent fatiguing hand exercise","volume":"182","author":"Benwell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00135","article-title":"The neurophysiology of central and peripheral fatigue during sub-maximal lower limb isometric contractions","volume":"7","author":"Berchicci","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b15","first-page":"1300","article-title":"Conduction velocity and EMG power spectrum changes in fatigue of sustained maximal efforts","volume":"51","author":"Bigland-Ritchie","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol"},{"issue":"5679","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1099745","article-title":"Neuronal oscillations in cortical networks","volume":"304","author":"Buzsaki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"17","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3094","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1406-22.2023","article-title":"Cerebellar excitability regulates physical fatigue perception","volume":"43","author":"Casamento-Moran","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl004","article-title":"The precuneus: A review of its functional anatomy and behavioural correlates","volume":"129","author":"Cavanna","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.01.047","article-title":"Linear mixed-effects modeling approach to FMRI group analysis","volume":"73","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00181","article-title":"Brain electrodynamic and hemodynamic signatures against fatigue during driving","volume":"12","author":"Chuang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1995.sp021104","article-title":"Synchronization between motor cortex and spinal motoneuronal pool during the performance of a maintained motor task in man","volume":"489","author":"Conway","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Physiol (Lond.)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.04.185","article-title":"The neuronal sources of EEG: Modeling of simultaneous scalp and intracerebral recordings in epilepsy","volume":"42","author":"Cosandier-Rimele","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fcad187","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcad187","article-title":"Corticomuscular and intermuscular coherence are correlated after stroke: A simplified motor control?","volume":"5","author":"Delcamp","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009","article-title":"EEGLAB: An open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis","volume":"134","author":"Delorme","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.05.056","article-title":"A spatially unbiased atlas template of the human cerebellum","volume":"33","author":"Diedrichsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000233794.31659.6d","article-title":"Muscle fatigue during dynamic contractions assessed by new spectral indices","volume":"38","author":"Dimitrov","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2005.01.005","article-title":"Estimate of M-wave changes in human biceps brachii during continuous stimulation","volume":"15","author":"Dimitrova","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"issue":"20","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6513","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-20-06513.1996","article-title":"Spinal cord terminations of the medial wall motor areas in macaque monkeys","volume":"16","author":"Dum","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-010-0243-0","article-title":"What features of limb movements are encoded in the discharge of cerebellar neurons?","volume":"10","author":"Ebner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00497.2015","article-title":"Changes in cortical activity measured with EEG during a high-intensity cycling exercise","volume":"115","author":"Enders","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2228","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000929","article-title":"Translating fatigue to human performance","volume":"48","author":"Enoka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2001.81.4.1725","article-title":"Spinal and supraspinal factors in human muscle fatigue","volume":"81","author":"Gandevia","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6322","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85851-w","article-title":"Specific modulation of corticomuscular coherence during submaximal voluntary isometric, shortening and lengthening contractions","volume":"11","author":"Glories","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"18","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2487","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200212200-00022","article-title":"Simultaneous EEG and fMRI of the alpha rhythm","volume":"13","author":"Goldman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"issue":"14","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000000242","article-title":"Movement-related cortical potentials during muscle fatigue induced by upper limb submaximal isometric contractions","volume":"25","author":"Guo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00258","article-title":"Beta- and gamma-range human lower limb corticomuscular coherence","volume":"6","author":"Gwin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219635215300127","article-title":"Nonparametric directionality measures for time series and point process data","volume":"14","author":"Halliday","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Integr Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"026004","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/aaa3b4","article-title":"Adaptive spectral tracking for coherence estimation: The z-tracker","volume":"15","author":"Halliday","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6107(96)00009-0","article-title":"A framework for the analysis of mixed time series\/point process data\u2014Theory and application to the study of physiological tremor, single motor unit discharges and electromyograms","volume":"64","author":"Halliday","year":"1995","journal-title":"Prog Biophys Mol Biol"},{"key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2016.05.008","article-title":"Non-parametric directionality analysis\u2014Extension for removal of a single common predictor and application to time series","volume":"268","author":"Halliday","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"issue":"16","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2800","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23306","article-title":"In vivo neurochemistry of primary focal hand dystonia: A magnetic resonance spectroscopic neurometabolite profiling study at 3T","volume":"25","author":"Herath","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.04.018","article-title":"Parametric design and correlational analyses help integrating fMRI and electrophysiological data during face processing","volume":"22","author":"Horovitz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2440","DOI":"10.3390\/s23052440","article-title":"Effects of muscle fatigue and recovery on the neuromuscular network after an intermittent handgrip fatigue task: Spectral analysis of electroencephalography and electromyography signals","volume":"23","author":"Hsu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2016.1252428","article-title":"The \u2018sensory tolerance limit\u2019: A hypothetical construct determining exercise performance?","volume":"18","author":"Hureau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci"},{"key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2017.01.001","article-title":"The inferior parietal lobule and temporoparietal junction: A network perspective","volume":"105","author":"Igelstr\u00f6m","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726848","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1726848","article-title":"Strengthened corticosubcortical functional connectivity during muscle fatigue","volume":"2016","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neural Plast"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.04.246","article-title":"Mapping sources of correlation in resting state FMRI, with artifact detection and removal","volume":"52","author":"Jo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(00)00452-1","article-title":"Movement-related cortical potentials associated with progressive muscle fatigue in a grasping task","volume":"112","author":"Johnston","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.06.008","article-title":"Hemodynamic correlates of EEG: A heuristic","volume":"28","author":"Kilner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31827f07be","article-title":"Fatigue and fatigability in neurologic illnesses: Proposal for a unified taxonomy","volume":"80","author":"Kluger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.03.025","article-title":"Beta-range cortical motor spectral power and corticomuscular coherence as a mechanism for effective corticospinal interaction during steady-state motor output","volume":"36","author":"Kristeva","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00286-6","article-title":"EEG-correlated fMRI of human alpha activity","volume":"19","author":"Laufs","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.01.065","article-title":"Group III and IV muscle afferents: Role on central motor drive and clinical implications","volume":"290","author":"Laurin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750936","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.750936","article-title":"Directed information flow analysis reveals muscle fatigue-related changes in muscle networks and corticomuscular coupling","volume":"15","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2019.00100","article-title":"Corticomuscular coherence and its applications: A review","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(02)03665-X","article-title":"Nonlinear cortical modulation of muscle fatigue: A functional MRI study","volume":"957","author":"Liu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.09.050","article-title":"Shifting of activation center in the brain during muscle fatigue: An explanation of minimal central fatigue?","volume":"35","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00821.2002","article-title":"Human brain activation during sustained and intermittent submaximal fatigue muscle contractions: An FMRI study","volume":"90","author":"Liu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2005.01.059","article-title":"Fatigue induced by intermittent maximal voluntary contractions is associated with significant losses in muscle output but limited reductions in functional MRI-measured brain activation level","volume":"1040","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06976","article-title":"What we can do and what we cannot do with fMRI","volume":"453","author":"Logothetis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-012-3087-7","article-title":"Modulation of corticomuscular coherence by peripheral stimuli","volume":"219","author":"McClelland","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.06.050","article-title":"The reorganization of corticomuscular coherence during a transition between sensorimotor states","volume":"100","author":"Mehrkanoon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00187.2012","article-title":"The strength of the corticospinal coherence depends on the predictability of modulated isometric forces","volume":"109","author":"Mendez-Balbuena","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevBiomedEng.v38.i4.10","article-title":"Advances in surface EMG: Recent progress in detection and processing techniques","volume":"38","author":"Merletti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit Rev Biomed Eng"},{"key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140833","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2023.1140833","article-title":"Measuring objective fatigability and autonomic dysfunction in clinical populations: How and why?","author":"Millet","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Sports Act Living"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691-199911000-00002","article-title":"Corticomuscular coherence: A review","volume":"16","author":"Mima","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b67","volume-title":"Fatigue","author":"Mosso","year":"1915"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhs389","article-title":"Effects of neural synchrony on surface EEG","volume":"24","author":"Musall","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00792.2009","article-title":"Rectification of the EMG signal impairs the identification of oscillatory input to the muscle","volume":"103","author":"Neto","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2012.00082","article-title":"Fatigue is a brain-derived emotion that regulates the exercise behavior to ensure the protection of whole body homeostasis","volume":"3","author":"Noakes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195050387.001.0001","volume-title":"Electric fields of the brain: The neurophysics of EEG","author":"Nunez","year":"2006"},{"issue":"22","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8037","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4153-10.2011","article-title":"Corticospinal beta-range coherence is highly dependent on the pre-stationary motor state","volume":"31","author":"Omlor","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00390.2007","article-title":"Absence of gamma-range corticomuscular coherence during dynamic force in a deafferented patient","volume":"99","author":"Patino","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-50944-5","volume-title":"Elektrophysiologie menschlicher muskeln","author":"Piper","year":"1912"},{"key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00524","article-title":"Cerebellum, predictions and errors","volume":"12","author":"Popa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20562","article-title":"Voluntary activation and cortical activity during a sustained maximal contraction: An fMRI study","volume":"30","author":"Post","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644765","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2021.644765","article-title":"Surface electromyography spectral parameters for the study of muscle fatigue in swimming","volume":"3","author":"Puce","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Sports Act Living"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2007.03.005","article-title":"Evaluating gradient artifact correction of EEG data acquired simultaneously with fMRI","volume":"25","author":"Ritter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging"},{"issue":"24","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6761","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1522577113","article-title":"The relationship between oscillatory EEG activity and the laminar-specific BOLD signal","volume":"113","author":"Scheeringa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-006-0211-z","article-title":"Central adaptations during repetitive contractions assessed by the readiness potential","volume":"97","author":"Schillings","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2016.10.008","article-title":"Group III\/IV locomotor muscle afferents alter motor cortical and corticospinal excitability and promote central fatigue during cycling exercise","volume":"128","author":"Sidhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"19","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4789","DOI":"10.1113\/JP276460","article-title":"Fatigue-related group III\/IV muscle afferent feedback facilitates intracortical inhibition during locomotor exercise","volume":"596","author":"Sidhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2010.2047173","article-title":"Single-Trial EEG-EMG coherence analysis reveals muscle fatigue-related progressive alterations in corticomuscular coupling","volume":"18","author":"Siemionow","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng"},{"key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.02.054","article-title":"The development of functional and directed corticomuscular connectivity during tonic ankle muscle contraction across childhood and adolescence","volume":"191","author":"Spedden","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893275","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2022.893275","article-title":"Application of surface electromyography in exercise fatigue: A review","volume":"16","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Syst Neurosci"},{"key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770053","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.770053","article-title":"EEG-based spectral analysis showing brainwave changes related to modulating progressive fatigue during a prolonged intermittent motor task","volume":"16","author":"Suviseshamuthu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2294","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000923","article-title":"Neural contributions to muscle fatigue: From the brain to the muscle and back again","volume":"48","author":"Taylor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-006-0432-8","article-title":"Cortical short-term fatigue effects assessed via rhythmic brain-muscle coherence","volume":"174","author":"Tecchio","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-008-9224-y","article-title":"Time frequency based coherence analysis between EEG and EMG activities in fatigue duration","volume":"34","author":"Tuncel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Med Syst"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01194.2010","article-title":"Muscle fatigue-induced enhancement of corticomuscular coherence following sustained submaximal isometric contraction of the tibialis anterior muscle","volume":"110","author":"Ushiyama","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2016.11.025","article-title":"Individual difference in beta-band corticomuscular coherence and its relation to force steadiness during isometric voluntary ankle dorsiflexion in healthy humans","volume":"128","author":"Ushiyama","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.02.008","article-title":"Effects of motor fatigue on human brain activity, an fMRI study","volume":"35","author":"van Duinen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45107-3","article-title":"Deep phenotyping of post-infectious myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Walitt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e384","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2017.194","article-title":"Muscle fatigue: General understanding and treatment","volume":"49","author":"Wan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/aa6b4b","article-title":"Effects of force load, muscle fatigue and extremely low frequency magnetic stimulation on EEG signals during side arm lateral raise task","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol Meas"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2262","DOI":"10.3390\/s22062262","article-title":"Simultaneous EEG-fMRI: What have we learned and what does the future hold?","volume":"22","author":"Warbrick","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"Pt 15","key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3789","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2011.211045","article-title":"Contributions of descending and ascending pathways to corticomuscular coherence in humans","volume":"589","author":"Witham","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2008.10.074","article-title":"Weakening of functional corticomuscular coupling during muscle fatigue","volume":"1250","author":"Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2025090311503054100_IMAG.a.132-b99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13019","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.13019","article-title":"Validity of using perceived exertion to assess muscle fatigue during resistance exercises","volume":"10","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Peerj"}],"container-title":["Imaging Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/imag\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1162\/IMAG.a.132\/2545768\/imag.a.132.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/imag\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1162\/IMAG.a.132\/2545768\/imag.a.132.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T15:50:53Z","timestamp":1756914653000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/imag\/article\/doi\/10.1162\/IMAG.a.132\/132607\/Multimodal-neuroimaging-of-fatigability"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":99,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/imag.a.132","relation":{},"ISSN":["2837-6056"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2837-6056","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"article-number":"IMAG.a.132"}}