{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T22:25:22Z","timestamp":1785536722223,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"MIT Press","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":190,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Retrieval training (i.e., cued recall) is theorised to induce rapid memory consolidation, similarly to sleep. Across consolidation, related neural representations become increasingly similar; yet, representational change has never been directly compared between sleep and retrieval training to test similarities in their underlying mechanisms. In this study, 30 subjects (27F, 18\u201334, M = 22.17) completed 4 separate sessions in which they (1) learnt object\u2013word pairs, followed by (2) immediate recognition testing, (3) one of four 120-min interventions (retrieval training, restudy, sleep, or wake), and (4) delayed recognition testing. We compared EEG phase similarity between similar and different objects to assess the time, frequency, and anatomical distribution of representational similarity across encoding (learning to immediate recognition), and each intervention (immediate to delayed recognition). We hypothesised that EEG phase patterns for similar objects would become more similar (i.e., representational merging) across retrieval training and sleep interventions, and predict a greater endorsement of similar-object lures. We found increased representational similarity between similar objects across encoding in the theta-band and occipital sources. Crucially, additional representational merging was only observed across the retrieval training intervention, in the alpha-band and parieto-occipital sources. Despite retrieval training leading to reduced performance in discriminating similar-objects lures, greater representational merging across retrieval training predicted greater discrimination of similar-object lures. Together, these findings suggest that sleep and retrieval training induce different memory transformations across equivalent timescales. Retrieval training may generally provoke rapid gist extraction, with greater neocortical integration supporting episodic discrimination. Conversely, sleep may selectively maintain short-term task-relevant episodic and semantic details.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/imag.a.1321","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T20:01:47Z","timestamp":1783713707000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Phase similarity between similar objects indicates representational merging across retrieval training but not sleep"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7974-8729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hayley Bree","family":"Caldwell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Adelaide University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3462-7648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex","family":"Chatburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Adelaide University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8371-273X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kurt","family":"Lushington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Adelaide University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4448-2147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Hanslmayr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology and Neuroscience, Centre for Neurotechnology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5717-586X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Michelmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, New York University, New York City, NY, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b1","first-page":"272","article-title":"Sleep reduces the testing effect\u2014But not after corrective feedback and prolonged retention interval","volume":"45","author":"Abel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3109\/00207459008994241","article-title":"Subjective and objective sleepiness in the active individual","volume":"52","author":"\u00c5kerstedt","year":"1990","journal-title":"International Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2017.05.001","article-title":"Retrieval as a fast route to memory consolidation","volume":"21","author":"Antony","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.046268.117","article-title":"Retrieval and sleep both counteract the forgetting of spatial information","volume":"25","author":"Antony","year":"2018","journal-title":"Learning & Memory"},{"key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2017.11.010","article-title":"A role for consolidation in cross-modal category learning","volume":"108","author":"Ashton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1067\/mva.2002.125015","article-title":"A brief note on overlapping confidence intervals","volume":"36","author":"Austin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Vascular Surgery"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(02)00330-6","article-title":"Test\u2013retest reliability and validity of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in primary insomnia","volume":"53","author":"Backhaus","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Psychosomatic Research"},{"key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2015.00248","article-title":"The beneficial effect of testing: An event-related potential study","volume":"9","author":"Bai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4","volume":"67","author":"Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2015.09.003","article-title":"Sleep-based memory processing facilitates grammatical generalization: Evidence from targeted memory reactivation","volume":"167","author":"Batterink","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain and Language, Sleep and Language Learning"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b11","first-page":"1568","article-title":"Sleep can reduce the testing effect: It enhances recall of restudied items but can leave recall of retrieved items unaffected","volume":"40","author":"B\u00e4uml","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"issue":"47","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16982","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2475-12.2012","article-title":"Detecting representations of recent and remote autobiographical memories in vmPFC and hippocampus","volume":"32","author":"Bonnici","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-011-0335-6","article-title":"System consolidation of memory during sleep","volume":"76","author":"Born","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychological Research"},{"issue":"46","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13251","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1605719113","article-title":"Rapid and independent memory formation in the parietal cortex","volume":"113","author":"Brodt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90047-4","article-title":"The Pittsburgh sleep quality index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research","volume":"28","author":"Buysse","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(97)00298-5","article-title":"Psychometric evaluation of the pittsburgh sleep quality index","volume":"45","author":"Carpenter","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Psychosomatic Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2009.04.004","article-title":"When does retrieval induce forgetting and when does it induce facilitation? Implications for retrieval inhibition, testing effect, and text processing","volume":"61","author":"Chan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.10.018","article-title":"Complex associative memory processing and sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis of behavioural evidence and underlying EEG mechanisms","volume":"47","author":"Chatburn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2016.06.011","article-title":"Common and differential electrophysiological mechanisms underlying semantic object memory retrieval probed by features presented in different stimulus types","volume":"106","author":"Chiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13064","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13064","article-title":"Toward a reliable, automated method of individual alpha frequency (IAF) quantification","volume":"55","author":"Corcoran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2020.06.002","article-title":"How robust are sleep-mediated memory benefits?","volume":"67","author":"Cordi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Neurobiology, Neurobiology of Learning and Plasticity"},{"issue":"22","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7472","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3376-13.2014","article-title":"Global neural pattern similarity as a common basis for categorization and recognition memory","volume":"34","author":"Davis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1080\/09658211.2020.1849309","article-title":"Semantic and perceptual encoding lead to decreased fine mnemonic discrimination following multiple presentations","volume":"29","author":"Delhaye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Memory"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zpae083","DOI":"10.1093\/sleepadvances\/zpae083","article-title":"Sleep and retrieval practice both strengthen and distort story recollection","volume":"5","author":"Denis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sleep Advances"},{"issue":"48","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18906","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3809-13.2013","article-title":"Representational similarity analysis reveals commonalities and differences in the semantic processing of words and objects","volume":"33","author":"Devereux","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2762","article-title":"The memory function of sleep","volume":"11","author":"Diekelmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2008.08.002","article-title":"The whats and whens of sleep-dependent memory consolidation","volume":"13","author":"Diekelmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sleep Medicine Reviews"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.1634509","article-title":"Sleep enhances category learning","volume":"16","author":"Djonlagic","year":"2009","journal-title":"Learning & Memory"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.22814","article-title":"The effects of sleep on the neural correlates of pattern separation","volume":"28","author":"Doxey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b30","first-page":"489","article-title":"Chapter 32\u2014Sleep and memory consolidation: Conceptual and methodological challenges","volume-title":"Handbook of behavioral neuroscience","author":"Dringenberg","year":"2019"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1042.2024.01854","article-title":"Rapid memory consolidation: Schema-based learning and repeated reactivation","volume":"32","author":"Fan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Advances in Psychological Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6329","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-56633-x","article-title":"Gamma power and beta envelope correlation are potential neural predictors of deep hypnosis","volume":"14","author":"Farahzadi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11066","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11066","article-title":"Experience-dependent hippocampal pattern differentiation prevents interference during subsequent learning","volume":"7","author":"Favila","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2020.09.006","article-title":"Transforming the concept of memory reactivation","volume":"43","author":"Favila","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"},{"issue":"27","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5351","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2741-18.2019","article-title":"Spaced learning enhances episodic memory by increasing neural pattern similarity across repetitions","volume":"39","author":"Feng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.07.009","article-title":"Retrieval aids the creation of a generalised memory trace and strengthens episode-unique information","volume":"201","author":"Ferreira","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b37","first-page":"1557","article-title":"The testing effect for visual materials depends on preexisting knowledge","volume":"49","author":"Ferreira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.01.021","article-title":"FreeSurfer","volume":"62","author":"Fischl","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroImage, 20 Years of fMRI"},{"key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b39","unstructured":"Fox, J., Weisberg, S., Price, B., Friendly, M., Hong, J., Andersen, R., Firth, D., Taylor, S., & R Core Team. (2022). effects: Effect displays for linear, generalized linear, and other models (Version 4.2-2) [Computer software]. https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/effects\/index.html"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.05.020","article-title":"Alpha phase coupling reflects object recognition","volume":"42","author":"Freunberger","year":"2008","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-44011-6","article-title":"Theta mediated dynamics of human hippocampal-neocortical learning systems in memory formation and retrieval","volume":"14","author":"Gattas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821191","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.821191","article-title":"Theta activity during encoding interacts with NREM sleep oscillations to predict memory generalization","volume":"16","author":"Gibson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(92)90344-8","article-title":"Separate visual pathways for perception and action","volume":"15","author":"Goodale","year":"1992","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"},{"key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gramfort, A., Luessi, M., Larson, E., Engemann, D., Strohmeier, D., Brodbeck, C., Goj, R., Jas, M., Brooks, T., Parkkonen, L., & H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen, M. (2013). MEG and EEG data analysis with MNE-Python. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 7, 267. https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2013.00267","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2013.00267"},{"key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.04.059","article-title":"Individual alpha peak frequency is related to latent factors of general cognitive abilities","volume":"79","author":"Grandy","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(01)00073-6","article-title":"The lateral occipital complex and its role in object recognition","volume":"41","author":"Grill-Spector","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2019.09.009","article-title":"Rapid cortical plasticity supports long-term memory formation","volume":"23","author":"Hebscher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaav1695","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aav1695","article-title":"Rehearsal initiates systems memory consolidation, sleep makes it last","volume":"5","author":"Himmer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science Advances"},{"issue":"3, Pt.1","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1037\/h0028865","article-title":"Effects of repetition and exposure duration on memory","volume":"83","author":"Hintzman","year":"1970","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1819.2001.00810.x","article-title":"Proposed supplements and amendments to \u2018A Manual of Standardized Terminology, Techniques and Scoring System for Sleep Stages of Human Subjects\u2019, the Rechtschaffen & Kales (1968) standard","volume":"55","author":"Hori","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences"},{"key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horne, J. A., & \u00d6stberg, O. (1976). A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness-eveningness in human circadian rhythms. International Journal of Chronobiology, 4, 97\u2013110. https:\/\/europepmc.org\/article\/med\/1027738","DOI":"10.1037\/t02254-000"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-021-01516-3","article-title":"The different roles of sleep on false memory formation between young and older adults","volume":"86","author":"Huan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychological Research"},{"key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2021.107553","article-title":"Sleep influences neural representations of true and false memories: An event-related potential study","volume":"186","author":"Jano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory"},{"key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.06.030","article-title":"Autoreject: Automated artifact rejection for MEG and EEG data","volume":"159","author":"Jas","year":"2017","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(58)90053-1","article-title":"Report of the committee on methods of clinical examination in electroencephalography: 1957","volume":"10","author":"Jasper","year":"1958","journal-title":"Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.038828.115","article-title":"Sleep enhances a spatially mediated generalization of learned values","volume":"22","author":"Javadi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Learning & Memory"},{"key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809324-5.21055-9","article-title":"Retrieval-based learning: A decade of progress","volume-title":"Learning and memory: A comprehensive reference","author":"Karpicke","year":"2017","edition":"2"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-021-08960-9","article-title":"Recent developments in spatio-temporal EEG source reconstruction techniques","volume":"122","author":"Kaur","year":"2022","journal-title":"Wireless Personal Communications"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(94)90164-3","article-title":"Episodic and semantic memory: An analysis in the EEG theta and alpha band","volume":"91","author":"Klimesch","year":"1994","journal-title":"Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"13","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5466","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4293-12.2013","article-title":"Global similarity and pattern separation in the human medial temporal lobe predict subsequent memory","volume":"33","author":"LaRocque","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3305","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhy200","article-title":"Decomposing parietal memory reactivation to predict consequences of remembering","volume":"29","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.05.004","article-title":"Sleep and the extraction of hidden regularities: A systematic review and the importance of temporal rules","volume":"47","author":"Lerner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep Medicine Reviews"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2011.06.004","article-title":"Overlapping memory replay during sleep builds cognitive schemata","volume":"15","author":"Lewis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-8425.2010.00480.x","article-title":"Preliminary test for the Chinese version of the Morningness\u2013Eveningness Questionnaire","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sleep and Biological Rhythms"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3177","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23288-5","article-title":"Feature-specific reaction times reveal a semanticisation of memories over time and with repeated remembering","volume":"12","author":"Lifanov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Chen, D., Xia, T., Zeng, S., Xue, G., & Hu, X. (2024). Slow-wave sleep and REM sleep differentially contribute to memory representational transformation. bioRxiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.08.05.606592","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.08.05.606592"},{"issue":"41","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabg9715","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abg9715","article-title":"Transformative neural representations support long-term episodic memory","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science Advances"},{"key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117213","article-title":"Probing the neural dynamics of mnemonic representations after the initial consolidation","volume":"221","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e56794","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056794","article-title":"Contrasting diversity values: Statistical inferences based on overlapping confidence intervals","volume":"8","author":"MacGregor-Fors","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/phe5j","volume-title":"Effects of sleep and retrieval practice on verbal paired-associate learning across 12 and 24 hours","author":"Mak","year":"2023"},{"issue":"22","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.00470","article-title":"The psycho Package: An efficient and publishing-oriented workflow for psychological science","volume":"3","author":"Makowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Open Source Software"},{"issue":"18","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8135","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.18.8135","article-title":"Object-related activity revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging in human occipital cortex","volume":"92","author":"Malach","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584560","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.584560","article-title":"Neural correlates of long-term memory enhancement following retrieval practice","volume":"15","author":"Marin-Garcia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-013-1869-9","article-title":"Atypical neurophysiology underlying episodic and semantic memory in adults with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"45","author":"Massand","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-011-0168-7","article-title":"OpenSesame: An open-source, graphical experiment builder for the social sciences","volume":"44","author":"Math\u00f4t","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033812","article-title":"Incorporating rapid neocortical learning of new schema-consistent information into complementary learning systems theory","volume":"142","author":"McClelland","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.102.3.419","article-title":"Why There are complementary learning systems in the hippocampus and neocortex: Insights from the successes and failures of connectionist models of learning and memory","volume":"102","author":"McClelland","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781410611949","volume-title":"A primer of signal detection theory","author":"McNicol","year":"2005"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2011.06.003","article-title":"An opportunistic theory of cellular and systems consolidation","volume":"34","author":"Mednick","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002528","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002528","article-title":"The temporal signature of memories: Identification of a general mechanism for dynamic memory replay in humans","volume":"14","author":"Michelmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Biology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-1063(2000)10:4<352::AID-HIPO2>3.0.CO;2-D","article-title":"Multiple trace theory of human memory: Computational, neuroimaging, and neuropsychological results","volume":"10","author":"Nadel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-018-1528-4","article-title":"When does sleep affect veridical and false memory consolidation? A meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Newbury","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00402","article-title":"Representation of semantic similarity in the left intraparietal sulcus: Functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence","volume":"11","author":"Neyens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhs031","article-title":"EEG phase patterns reflect the selectivity of neural firing","volume":"23","author":"Ng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2013.02.002","article-title":"The Flinders Handedness survey (FLANDERS): A brief measure of skilled hand preference","volume":"49","author":"Nicholls","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zsae114","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsae114","article-title":"Does targeted memory reactivation during slow-wave sleep and rapid eye movement sleep have differential effects on mnemonic discrimination and generalization?","volume":"47","author":"Ortega","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2019.1651326","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the Slovene version of the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire","volume":"36","author":"Pi\u0161ljar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chronobiology International"},{"key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.03.074","article-title":"When frequencies never synchronize: The golden mean and the resting EEG","volume":"1335","author":"Pletzer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b89","author":"R Core Team","year":"2022","journal-title":"The R Foundation"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.034546.114","article-title":"Repetition strengthens target recognition but impairs similar lure discrimination: Evidence for trace competition","volume":"21","author":"Reagh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Learning & Memory"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2019.06.007","article-title":"Nonmonotonic plasticity: How memory retrieval drives learning","volume":"23","author":"Ritvo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2010.09.003","article-title":"The critical role of retrieval practice in long-term retention","volume":"15","author":"Roediger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035420","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2022.1035420","article-title":"HOA2.0-ComPaRe: A next generation Harvard-Oxford Atlas comparative parcellation reasoning method for human and macaque individual brain parcellation and atlases of the cerebral cortex","volume":"16","author":"Rushmore","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3331","article-title":"Neural representations of events arise from temporal community structure","volume":"16","author":"Schapiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.22523","article-title":"Statistical learning of temporal community structure in the hippocampus","volume":"26","author":"Schapiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.09.037","article-title":"Theta phase-coordinated memory reactivation reoccurs in a slow-oscillatory rhythm during NREM sleep","volume":"25","author":"Schreiner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Reports"},{"issue":"1799","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20190293","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2019.0293","article-title":"Electrophysiological signatures of memory reactivation in humans","volume":"375","author":"Schreiner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001064","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001064","article-title":"Cracking the code of oscillatory activity","volume":"9","author":"Schyns","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Biology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1005238108","article-title":"Rapid neocortical acquisition of long-term arbitrary associations independent of the hippocampus","volume":"108","author":"Sharon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"41","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8089","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0197-19.2019","article-title":"Neural pattern similarity differentially relates to memory performance in younger and older adults","volume":"39","author":"Sommer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2019.08.003","article-title":"Mnemonic similarity task: A tool for assessing hippocampal integrity","volume":"23","author":"Stark","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.09.063","article-title":"Statistical inference and multiple testing correction in classification-based multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA): Random permutations and cluster size control","volume":"65","author":"Stelzer","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2013.04.002","article-title":"Parsing the role of sleep in memory processing","volume":"23","author":"Stickgold","year":"2013","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Neurobiology, Circadian Rhythm and Sleep"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00268.2019","article-title":"Alpha-band oscillations track the retrieval of precise spatial representations from long-term memory","volume":"122","author":"Sutterer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"32","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10087","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0799-09.2009","article-title":"Shift from hippocampal to neocortical centered retrieval network with consolidation","volume":"29","author":"Takashima","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2313604121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2313604121","article-title":"The reach of reactivation: Effects of consciously triggered versus unconsciously triggered reactivation of associative memory","volume":"121","author":"Tal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228.e5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.09.005","article-title":"Consolidation promotes the emergence of representational overlap in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex","volume":"96","author":"Tompary","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e84359","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.84359","article-title":"Integration of overlapping sequences emerges with consolidation through medial prefrontal cortex neural ensembles and hippocampal\u2013cortical connectivity","volume":"13","author":"Tompary","year":"2024","journal-title":"eLife"},{"issue":"5821","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1135935","article-title":"Schemas and memory consolidation","volume":"316","author":"Tse","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0686-2","article-title":"SciPy 1.0: Fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python","volume":"17","author":"Virtanen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-7954-3-8","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the CDC symptom inventory for assessment of chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Wagner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Population Health Metrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-012-0314-x","article-title":"Norms of valence, arousal, and dominance for 13,915 English lemmas","volume":"45","author":"Warriner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.10.025","article-title":"Propranolol selectively blocks the enhanced parietal old\/new effect during long-term recollection of unpleasant pictures: A high density ERP study","volume":"49","author":"Weymar","year":"2010","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3973","article-title":"Retrieval induces adaptive forgetting of competing memories via cortical pattern suppression","volume":"18","author":"Wimber","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2020.01.007","article-title":"Examining sleep\u2019s role in memory generalization and specificity through the lens of targeted memory reactivation","volume":"33","author":"Witkowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, Sleep and Cognition"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2007.19.7.1113","article-title":"Temporally graded activation of neocortical regions in response to memories of different ages","volume":"19","author":"Woodard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2018.03.004","article-title":"The neural representations underlying human episodic memory","volume":"22","author":"Xue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e57023","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.57023","article-title":"Retrieval practice facilitates memory updating by enhancing and differentiating medial prefrontal cortex representations","volume":"9","author":"Ye","year":"2020","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2024.07.008","article-title":"Similarity of brain activity patterns during learning and subsequent resting state predicts memory consolidation","volume":"179","author":"Zavecz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026073115550735100_IMAG.a.1321-b120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-021-01188-4","article-title":"Rapid neural reorganization during retrieval practice predicts subsequent long-term retention and false memory","volume":"6","author":"Zhuang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Human Behaviour"}],"container-title":["Imaging Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/imag\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1162\/IMAG.a.1321\/2614407\/imag.a.1321.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/imag\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1162\/IMAG.a.1321\/2614407\/imag.a.1321.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T19:55:25Z","timestamp":1785527725000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/imag\/article\/doi\/10.1162\/IMAG.a.1321\/137666\/Phase-similarity-between-similar-objects-indicates"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":120,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/imag.a.1321","relation":{},"ISSN":["2837-6056"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2837-6056","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"article-number":"IMAG.a.1321"}}