{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T16:29:23Z","timestamp":1786120163266,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MIT Press","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":194,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/L019248\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/L019248\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/S003207\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/S003207\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"7th European Community Framework Programme","award":["CoG 2015-682172NETS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CoG 2015-682172NETS"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The cortical activity of preterm human infants is highly discontinuous, comprising transient high-amplitude bursts separated by periods of relative quiescence. While the functional significance of these bursts is well established, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This burst\u2013quiescence pattern could arise from a transient refractoriness within excitatory recurrent cortical networks following spontaneous activation. To assess this possibility, we tested whether such activation is followed by a transient reduction in excitability by evaluating whether externally evoked tactile responses are attenuated when somatosensory circuits have recently been active. We recorded electroencephalographic (EEG) responses to tactile stimulation of hands and feet in 35 preterm infants (40% female), with a median postmenstrual age of 32 weeks. This stimulation elicited wideband increases in EEG power, showing two distinct peaks: one in the delta range (1 Hz) and another in the alpha-beta range (~13 Hz). Low-frequency activity showed a single, broadly distributed peak across the scalp, whereas faster high beta\u2013gamma responses were more confined to somatotopically specific regions, suggesting engagement of both widespread (tangential) and localized (columnar) cortical circuits. Importantly, the magnitude of the evoked response was significantly reduced when the activity immediately preceding stimulation resembled the spectro-spatial pattern of the somatosensory evoked response, indicating prior spontaneous activation of the somatosensory network. Stimulus-evoked EEG power changes decreased by 3.2 and 2.5 dB following hand and foot stimulation, respectively, for every 1.0-degree increase in the similarity between pre-stimulus activity and the spectro-spatial pattern of the somatosensory evoked response (scale 0\u20135). This effect was the strongest and most temporally sustained at slower frequencies. These results suggest that when somatosensory networks are spontaneously active, they become temporarily less responsive to stimulation\u2014a form of refractoriness\u2014preventing immediate reactivation. The extent of this refractory-like modulation is not uniform but depends on the spatial scale of the underlying networks, as indexed by their dominant frequency of activation. This mechanism may explain the cyclical pattern of bursting and quiescence neural activity observed in the preterm brain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/imag.a.1324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T20:01:46Z","timestamp":1784059306000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spontaneous activation of cortical somatosensory networks depresses their excitability in preterm human neonates"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9787-6038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kimberley","family":"Whitehead","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Division of Digital Health and Applied Technology Assessment (DHATA), King\u2019s College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Pureza","family":"Laudiano-Dray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Meek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Obstetric Wing, University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Olhede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Fabrizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2026080615560230700_IMAG.a.1324-b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhv203","article-title":"Maturation of sensori-motor functional responses in the preterm brain","volume":"26","author":"Allievi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"issue":"33","key":"2026080615560230700_IMAG.a.1324-b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10870","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4539-13.2014","article-title":"Sensory-evoked and spontaneous gamma and spindle bursts in neonatal rat motor cortex","volume":"34","author":"An","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080615560230700_IMAG.a.1324-b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2010.02.002","article-title":"Electroencephalography in premature and full-term infants. 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