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According to the temporal sampling (TS) theory, dyslexia arises from impaired entrainment of low-frequency neural oscillations\u2014particularly in the delta (1\u20134 Hz) and theta (4\u20138 Hz) bands\u2014to the rhythmic modulations of speech. This hypothesis was tested for adults with and without dyslexia using electroencephalography (EEG) and employing a rhythmic audiovisual speech paradigm previously used with dyslexic children. Participants viewed a \u201ctalking head\u201d repeating the syllable \u201cba\u201d at a 2-Hz rate. Measures were neural phase entrainment and band power in the delta, theta, beta (15\u201325 Hz), and low gamma (25\u201340 Hz) bands. Phase\u2013amplitude coupling (PAC) and phase\u2013phase coupling (PPC) were also assessed for delta\u2013theta, delta\u2013beta, theta\u2013beta, delta\u2013gamma, and theta\u2013gamma interactions. Both groups exhibited significant delta- and theta-band phase entrainment; however, the two groups differed significantly in the preferred phase for the theta band. While the control group showed consistent beta- and low gamma-band phase entrainment, this was not observed for the dyslexic group. There was significantly greater delta-band power for the dyslexic group across the whole brain and in the right temporal region. These findings indicate that temporal sampling deficits appear to persist into adulthood and show a multi-timescale pattern, with altered low-frequency processing and atypical higher-frequency entrainment. The data also generate developmental hypotheses about possible compensation or reorganisation mechanisms that could be examined in future longitudinal research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/imag.a.1329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T20:01:18Z","timestamp":1784318478000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Atypical low-frequency and high-frequency neural entrainment to rhythmic audiovisual speech in adults with dyslexia"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2631-2374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Keshavarzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Neuroscience in Education, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian 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