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Using pre-registered analyses of behavioural and movie-viewing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) metrics of ToM, we tested for a domain-specific impact of preterm birth (24\u201332 weeks\u2019 gestational age) on theory of mind development at age 5 years. Preterm-born children (n = 52) scored lower than term-born comparators (n = 58) on a linguistic behavioural ToM task, but this difference was primarily driven by differences in receptive language. Neurally, preterm-born children (n = 30) had qualitatively similar responses in brain regions that support ToM reasoning to a short movie to term-born comparators (n = 46), as characterised by four neural metrics; responses to one scene differed as a function of gestational age. Using intersubject correlation analyses, we found that preterm-born children\u2019s ToM network responses were more heterogenous than term-born children\u2019s responses; however, individual preterm-born children\u2019s responses most resembled those observed in same-age term-born children, relative to younger children or other preterm-born children. Taken together, preterm birth does not appear to preclude broadly similar functional development in ToM brain regions by age 5 years.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/imag.a.1347","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T20:01:52Z","timestamp":1786132912000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Neural and behavioural correlates of theory of mind reasoning in five-year-old children born preterm"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5117-1187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Selina","family":"Abel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Reproductive Health, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Institute for Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6383-6361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa","family":"Thye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Reproductive Health, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"},{"name":"School of Philosophy, Psychology, and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8177-1450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katie","family":"Mckinnon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Reproductive Health, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4948-7919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebekah","family":"Smikle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Reproductive Health, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1728-5885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean","family":"Skelton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Philosophy, Psychology, and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9461-0675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorena","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Philosophy, Psychology, and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ray","family":"Amir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Reproductive Health, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gayle","family":"Barclay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edinburgh Imaging Facility, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Jardine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edinburgh Imaging Facility, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donna","family":"Mcintyre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edinburgh Imaging Facility, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iona","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edinburgh Imaging Facility, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu Wei","family":"Chua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Policy and Systems, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aditi","family":"Hosangadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Quigley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Royal Hospital for Children and Young People, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. 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