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An early negative peak can be consistently evoked over the motor cortex at around 15 ms (N15). It remains elusive whether N15 overlaps with the cortical regions receiving the highest TMS-induced electric field (E-field). We characterized the source activity of the N15 component relative to the TMS-induced E-field in 16 healthy adults who underwent TMS-EEG over the left primary motor hand area at six stimulus intensities (-8% to +12% maximum stimulator output relative to resting motor threshold) during rest and tonic contraction. Individualized head models, based on T1 and T2 MRI scans, were used for E-field simulations and source localization with LCMV, dSPM, and eLORETA as inverse solvers. Linear mixed-effects models and spatial clustering were used to assess dose- and state-dependent effects. The N15 source field was consistently located rostral to the TMS-induced electric field, with the spatial disparity decreasing as the stimulation dose increased. N15 source activity primarily clustered in the left premotor and primary motor cortex, while the TMS E-field peaked in the crowns of the pre- and postcentral gyri. All three inverse solvers yielded similar results, demonstrating consistent dose- and state-dependent effects on the N15 and suggesting that solver choice had minimal impact. These findings demonstrate a spatial mismatch between early TMS-evoked potentials following motor cortex stimulation and the cortical regions exposed to peak electric fields. Combined with prior literature, our findings provide evidence that the rostral N15 source activity reflects transsynaptic propagation via direct cortico-cortical or indirect cortico-subcortico-cortical pathways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/imag.a.1356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T20:01:21Z","timestamp":1786737681000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sources of the N15 TMS-evoked potential following motor cortex stimulation localize rostrals to TMS-induced electric fields and depend on dose"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0325-8950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sybren","family":"Van Hoornweder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark"},{"name":"REVAL - Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Hasselt, Diepenbeek, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikkel M.","family":"Beck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesper D.","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leo","family":"Tomasevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Human Sciences, Institute of Psychology, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Neubiberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raf L.J.","family":"Meesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REVAL - Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Hasselt, Diepenbeek, Belgium"},{"name":"Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group - Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hartwig R.","family":"Siebner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Axel","family":"Thielscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. 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