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Despite the importance of inter-personal ER for maintaining well-being, very little is known about the neurocognitive mechanisms that support this process. In the present study, we performed functional magnetic resonance imaging on 23 pairs of Regulators and Targets whilst they engaged in a novel task designed to capture the two stages of inter-personal ER: the Regulator\u2019s selection of an ER strategy to recommend and its subsequent implementation by an affiliate Target. This paradigm allowed us to investigate the brain systems supporting both stages of the inter-personal process and identify personality characteristics that might influence the inter-personal dynamic through these neurocognitive mechanisms. Results revealed largely overlapping patterns of brain response during Regulators\u2019 selections and Targets\u2019 implementation of ER strategies, encompassing medial and lateral prefrontal and temporo-parietal cortices. Moreover, by applying behavioural Dynamic Causal Modelling to the behavioural and brain data acquired during the task, we identified patterns of effective connectivity among these brain regions from which we could accurately estimate Regulators\u2019 selections and their effectiveness in down-regulating Targets\u2019 emotional responses. Lastly, certain network connections and the effectiveness of Regulators\u2019 selections in down-regulating Targets\u2019 emotion states were associated with two dissociable styles of self-directed (intra-personal) ER: failure- and decision-related action control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/imag.a.1360","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T20:01:57Z","timestamp":1786996917000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A dual-fMRI investigation of interpersonal emotion regulation: Predicting strategy selection and implementation success from effective brain connectivity"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7720-0006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Ngombe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cajal Neuroscience Centre, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9198-1083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krist\u00edna","family":"Czek\u00f3ov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia"},{"name":"Behavioural and Social Neuroscience Research Group, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2780-7472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Gajdo\u0161","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multi-modal and Functional Neuroimaging Research Group, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7307-9539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaus","family":"Kessler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7979-2343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milan","family":"Br\u00e1zdil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioural and Social Neuroscience Research Group, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1088-5212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Shamay-Tsoory","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychological Science, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1139-8301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel Joel","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioural and Social Neuroscience Research Group, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia"},{"name":"School of Psychology, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2026091115554258900_IMAG.a.1360-b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005653411471","article-title":"The autism-spectrum quotient (AQ): Evidence from asperger syndrome\/high-functioning autism, males and females, scientists and mathematicians","volume":"31","author":"Baron-Cohen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026091115554258900_IMAG.a.1360-b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2012.11.001","article-title":"Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing: Keep it maximal","volume":"68","author":"Barr","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"key":"2026091115554258900_IMAG.a.1360-b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-7421(03)01011-9","article-title":"Social embodiment. 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