{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T20:12:46Z","timestamp":1789762366065,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MIT Press","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":237,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21NS111310"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21NS111310"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["194712"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["194712"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["2509333"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2509333"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Reliable noninvasive measurement of human brainstem activity during motor control remains challenging due to small anatomical structures and physiological noise, yet it is essential for understanding descending contributions to rapid feedback control. We used brainstem-optimized whole-brain functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine whether task-dependent modulation of stretch-evoked motor responses in humans is associated with changes in activation within reticulospinal regions of the human brainstem. A behavioral validation experiment (N = 10), in which participants were instructed to resist or yield to brief wrist perturbations, confirmed task-dependent modulation of long-latency responses (LLRs). In a separate imaging cohort (N = 26), participants performed the same tasks during fMRI using an MRI-compatible robotic device and a multi-echo acquisition with physiological noise compensation. Imaging analyses revealed greater blood-oxygen-level-dependent signal during Resist than during Yield while controlling for background contraction and proprioceptive input, with activation distributed bilaterally across the pons and medulla in regions consistent with major reticulospinal nuclei. Laterality analyses demonstrated a rostrocaudal gradient, with relatively ipsilateral-biased activation in the medulla shifting toward more contralateral patterns in the pons. These findings indicate that instruction-dependent modulation of stretch-evoked motor responses is associated with measurable changes in human brainstem activation, providing evidence that reticulospinal regions contribute to task-dependent feedback control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/imag.a.1372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T20:02:01Z","timestamp":1787774521000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["fMRI reveals brainstem and cortical networks contribute to the instruction-dependent modulation of stretch-evoked motor responses"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2827-1219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca C.","family":"Nikonowicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, UD College of Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8938-540X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neha A.","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3862-5596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle C.","family":"Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7257-9646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Molly G.","family":"Bright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3019-2958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Sergi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, UD College of Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, UD College of Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6506","key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb4588","article-title":"Julich-Brain: A 3D probabilistic atlas of the human brain\u2019s cytoarchitecture","volume":"369","author":"Amunts","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"23","key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5603","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2011.215160","article-title":"The primate reticulospinal tract, hand function and functional recovery","volume":"589","author":"Baker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology"},{"issue":"April 2017","key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.04.070","article-title":"A probabilistic template of human mesopontine tegmental nuclei from in vivo 7 T MRI","volume":"170","author":"Bianciardi","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2015.0347","article-title":"Toward an in vivo neuroimaging template of human brainstem nuclei of the ascending arousal, autonomic, and motor systems","volume":"5","author":"Bianciardi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Connectivity"},{"issue":"November","key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b5","first-page":"163","article-title":"Motor thalamus integration of cortical, cerebellar and basal ganglia information: Implications for normal and parkinsonian conditions","volume":"7","author":"Bosch-Bouju","year":"2013","journal-title":"Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1440.011","article-title":"The brain\u2019s default network: Anatomy, function, and relevance to disease","volume":"1124","author":"Buckner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-008045046-9.01337-1","article-title":"Reticulospinal system","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of neuroscience","author":"Buford","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210050293","article-title":"Neuronal activity in the monkey ventrolateral thalamus following perturbations of voluntary wrist movements","volume":"118","author":"Butler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1991.sp018706","article-title":"Evidence for a contribution of the motor cortex to the long-latency stretch reflex of the human thumb","volume":"440","author":"Capaday","year":"1991","journal-title":"The Journal of Physiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2010.04.009","article-title":"Considerations for the use of a startling acoustic stimulus in studies of motor preparation in humans","volume":"35","author":"Carlsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1006\/cbmr.1996.0014","article-title":"AFNI: Software for analysis and visualization of functional magnetic resonance neuroimages","volume":"29","author":"Cox","year":"1996","journal-title":"Computers and Biomedical Research"},{"key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-006-0374-1","article-title":"Bilateral actions of the reticulospinal tract on arm and shoulder muscles in the monkey: Stimulus triggered averaging","volume":"173","author":"Davidson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00083.2003","article-title":"Motor outputs from the primate reticular formation to shoulder muscles as revealed by stimulus-triggered averaging","volume":"92","author":"Davidson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"30","key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8053","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0040-07.2007","article-title":"Bilateral spike-triggered average effects in arm and shoulder muscles from the monkey pontomedullary reticular formation","volume":"27","author":"Davidson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(74)90975-5","article-title":"Relation of basal ganglia, cerebellum, and motor cortex units to ramp and ballistic limb movements","volume":"71","author":"DeLong","year":"1974","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.01.021","article-title":"An automated labeling system for subdividing the human cerebral cortex on MRI scans into gyral based regions of interest","volume":"31","author":"Desikan","year":"2006","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.01.045","article-title":"A probabilistic MR atlas of the human cerebellum","volume":"46","author":"Diedrichsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1379-20.2020","article-title":"Extensive cortical convergence to primate reticulospinal pathways","volume":"41","author":"Fisher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-017-5134-x","article-title":"Mechanical perturbations can elicit triggered reactions in the absence of a startle response","volume":"236","author":"Forgaard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2016.09.010","article-title":"An examination of the startle response during upper limb stretch perturbations","volume":"337","author":"Forgaard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.7.1256","article-title":"Structural brain magnetic resonance imaging of limbic and thalamic volumes in pediatric bipolar disorder","volume":"162","author":"Frazier","year":"2005","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"July","key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b22","first-page":"1","article-title":"In vivo probabilistic structural atlas of the inferior and superior colliculi, medial and lateral geniculate nuclei and superior olivary complex in humans based on 7 Tesla MRI","volume":"10","author":"Garc\u00eda-Gomar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Genetics"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28895","article-title":"Disruption of brainstem structural connectivity in REM sleep behavior disorder using 7 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"37","author":"Garc\u00eda-Gomar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Movement Disorders"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.06.027","article-title":"Hypothalamic abnormalities in schizophrenia: Sex effects and genetic vulnerability","volume":"61","author":"Goldstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e43097","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0043097","article-title":"Planning of ballistic movement following stroke: Insights from the startle reflex (B. Draganski, Ed.)","volume":"7","author":"Honeycutt","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.02.065","article-title":"Bayesian segmentation of brainstem structures in MRI","volume":"113","author":"Iglesias","year":"2015","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.09.015","article-title":"FSL","volume":"62","author":"Jenkinson","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2016.10.019","article-title":"The PhysIO toolbox for modeling physiological noise in fMRI data","volume":"276","author":"Kasper","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience Methods"},{"key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009295","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.1009295","article-title":"Characterization of the blood oxygen level dependent hemodynamic response function in human subcortical regions with high spatiotemporal resolution","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01112.2006","article-title":"Maintaining grip: Anticipatory and reactive EEG responses to load perturbations","volume":"99","author":"Kourtis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"42","key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14132","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0261-15.2015","article-title":"The periaqueductal gray orchestrates sensory and motor circuits at multiple levels of the neuraxis","volume":"35","author":"Koutsikou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b32","first-page":"99","article-title":"Long-latency reflexes account for limb biomechanics through several supraspinal pathways","volume":"8","author":"Kurtzer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-006-0475-x","article-title":"The effect of task instruction on the excitability of spinal and supraspinal reflex pathways projecting to the biceps muscle","volume":"174","author":"Lewis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2009.04.045","article-title":"Inferior olive oscillation as the temporal basis for motricity and oscillatory reset as the basis for motor error correction","volume":"162","author":"Llin\u00e1s","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2005.11.020","article-title":"Decreased volume of left and total anterior insular lobule in schizophrenia","volume":"83","author":"Makris","year":"2006","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Research"},{"key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-011-0331-9","article-title":"Consensus paper: Roles of the cerebellum in motor control\u2014The diversity of ideas on cerebellar involvement in movement","volume":"11","author":"Manto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b37","first-page":"179","article-title":"Disorders of movement in cerebellar disease in man","volume-title":"The physiological aspect of clinical neurology","author":"Marsden","year":"1977"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1113\/JP274968","article-title":"Progressive recruitment of contralesional cortico-reticulospinal pathways drives motor impairment post stroke","volume":"596","author":"McPherson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b39","article-title":"Mapping whole-brain auditory activation with 3T multi-echo fMRI at the group and individual-subject level","author":"Medina","year":"2025","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-025-02933-5","article-title":"Dynamic inferior olive activation in a cognitive task: An fMRI study","volume":"230","author":"Mundorf","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Structure and Function"},{"key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b41","first-page":"1283","article-title":"A novel experimental protocol for studying the task-dependent contribution of the brainstem to long-latency responses via MRI-compatible robotics","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 10th IEEE RAS and EMBS International Conference on Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics (BioRob)","author":"Nikonowicz","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13141","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.13141","article-title":"Distributed task-specific processing of somatosensory feedback for voluntary motor control","volume":"5","author":"Omrani","year":"2016","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1992.sp019094","article-title":"Evidence that a long latency stretch reflex in humans is transcortical","volume":"449","author":"Palmer","year":"1992","journal-title":"The Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2014.10.034","article-title":"Evidence for sustained cortical involvement in peripheral stretch reflex during the full long latency reflex period","volume":"584","author":"Perenboom","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscience Letters"},{"key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.41.030179.001015","article-title":"Reticulospinal projections to spinal motor nuclei","volume":"41","author":"Peterson","year":"1979","journal-title":"Annual Review of Physiology"},{"key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00239548","article-title":"Brain reticulospinal excitation and inhibition of neck motoneurons","volume":"32","author":"Peterson","year":"1978","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.11.048","article-title":"Guidelines for reporting an fMRI study","volume":"40","author":"Poldrack","year":"2008","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"7369","key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10436","article-title":"Primary motor cortex underlies multi-joint integration for fast feedback control","volume":"478","author":"Pruszynski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.90262.2008","article-title":"Rapid motor responses are appropriately tuned to the metrics of a visuospatial task","volume":"100","author":"Pruszynski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-012-3041-8","article-title":"Optimal feedback control and the long-latency stretch response","volume":"218","author":"Pruszynski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-013-3630-1","article-title":"Instruction-dependent modulation of the long-latency stretch reflex is associated with indicators of startle","volume":"230","author":"Ravichandran","year":"2013","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bhae273","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhae273","article-title":"Simultaneous cortical, subcortical, and brainstem mapping of sensory activation","volume":"34","author":"Reddy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1162\/imag_a_00057","article-title":"Denoising task-correlated head motion from motor-task fMRI data with multi-echo ICA","volume":"2","author":"Reddy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Imaging Neuroscience"},{"issue":"15","key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4993","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3720-08.2009","article-title":"Direct and indirect connections with upper limb motoneurons from the primate reticulospinal tract","volume":"29","author":"Riddle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2004.07.009","article-title":"Action sets and decisions in the medial frontal cortex","volume":"8","author":"Rushworth","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2009.07.036","article-title":"Reticulospinal neurons in the pontomedullary reticular formation of the monkey (Macaca fascicularis)","volume":"163","author":"Sakai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2217","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01189.2003","article-title":"Independent and convergent signals from the pontomedullary reticular formation contribute to the control of posture and movement during reaching in the cat","volume":"92","author":"Schepens","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"July","key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b58","first-page":"534","article-title":"Optimal feedback control and the neural basis of volitional motor control","volume":"5","author":"Scott","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2007.10.010","article-title":"Laterality index in functional MRI: Methodological issues","volume":"26","author":"Seghier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging"},{"issue":"42","key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13255","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0892-09.2009","article-title":"The differential role of motor cortex in stretch reflex modulation induced by changes in environmental mechanics and verbal instruction","volume":"29","author":"Shemmell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24361","article-title":"Cortical and subcortical areas involved in the regulation of reach movement speed in the human brain: An fMRI study","volume":"40","author":"Shirinbayan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2020.0975","article-title":"Probabilistic atlas of the mesencephalic reticular formation, isthmic reticular formation, microcellular tegmental nucleus, ventral tegmental area nucleus complex, and caudal-rostral linear raphe nucleus complex in living humans from 7 Tesla Magnetic Reso","volume":"11","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Connectivity"},{"issue":"January","key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b63","first-page":"1","article-title":"Probabilistic template of the lateral parabrachial nucleus, medial parabrachial nucleus, vestibular nuclei complex, and medullary viscero-sensory-motor nuclei complex in living humans from 7 Tesla MRI","volume":"13","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.03.061","article-title":"Threshold-free cluster enhancement: Addressing problems of smoothing, threshold dependence and localisation in cluster inference","volume":"44","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"20","key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3933","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1901-19.2020","article-title":"Long-latency responses to a mechanical perturbation of the index finger have a spinal component","volume":"40","author":"Soteropoulos","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"16","key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4011","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2011.225169","article-title":"Cells in the monkey ponto-medullary reticular formation modulate their activity with slow finger movements","volume":"590","author":"Soteropoulos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.05.005","article-title":"Involvement of SMAp in the intention-related long latency stretch reflex modulation: A TMS study","volume":"246","author":"Spieser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01160.2006","article-title":"Neural and electromyographic correlates of wrist posture control","volume":"97","author":"Suminski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.08.022","article-title":"Basal ganglia contributions to motor control: A vigorous tutor","volume":"20","author":"Turner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Neurobiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1999.0931u.x","article-title":"Patterned ballistic movements triggered by a startle in healthy humans","volume":"516","author":"Valls-Sol\u00e9","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3242","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00702.2015","article-title":"Goal-dependent modulation of the long-latency stretch response at the shoulder, elbow, and wrist","volume":"114","author":"Weiler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639773","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.639773","article-title":"Effects of perturbation velocity, direction, background muscle activation, and task instruction on long-latency responses measured from forearm muscles","volume":"15","author":"Weinman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(98)01310-1","article-title":"Microcircuitry and function of the inferior olive","volume":"21","author":"Zeeuw","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"},{"issue":"April","key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380171","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2024.1380171","article-title":"The contribution of periaqueductal gray in the regulation of physiological and pathological behaviors","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b75","first-page":"1247","article-title":"StretchfMRI: A novel technique to quantify the contribution of the reticular formation to long-latency responses via fMRI","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE 16th International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics (ICORR)","author":"Zonnino","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091815555735000_IMAG.a.1372-b76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-91605-5","article-title":"Measurement of stretch-evoked brainstem function using fMRI","volume":"11","author":"Zonnino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"}],"container-title":["Imaging Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/imag\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1162\/IMAG.a.1372\/2622855\/imag.a.1372.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/imag\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1162\/IMAG.a.1372\/2622855\/imag.a.1372.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T19:56:14Z","timestamp":1789761374000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/imag\/article\/doi\/10.1162\/IMAG.a.1372\/138561\/fMRI-reveals-brainstem-and-cortical-networks"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":76,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/imag.a.1372","relation":{},"ISSN":["2837-6056"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2837-6056","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"article-number":"IMAG.a.1372"}}