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We re-analyzed the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data provided in the Mother Of all Unification Studies (MOUS) open-science dataset by using parametric regressions of word frequency and sublexical unit (bigram or syllable) frequency during reading and speech listening tasks in order to elucidate lexical and sublexical processing stages in the visual and auditory modalities. We first validated our approach in the written word domain, where the technique identified significant correlations for word frequency in the left mid-fusiform cortex (at the location of the Visual Word Form Area) and a left occipital region tracking bigram frequency, compatible with prior reports. During listening, activity in a left mid-superior temporal region consistent with the recently described Auditory Word Form Area (AWFA) showed a lexical frequency effect, while a more posterior region of the superior temporal gyrus was sensitive to syllable frequency. Activation in the left inferior frontal gyrus correlated with both written and spoken word frequencies. These findings suggest analogous posterior-to-anterior hierarchical organizations in the anteroventral visual and auditory streams, with modality-specific posterior sublexical and more anterior lexical representations that converge in higher-order language areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/imag.a.1388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T20:01:41Z","timestamp":1789502501000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evidence for hierarchical representations of written and spoken words from an open-science human neuroimaging dataset"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7695-8002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suneel","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States"},{"name":"Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3970-4215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kimberly","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States"},{"name":"University of Massachusetts Chan School of Medicine, Worcester, MA, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5802-509X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Plamen","family":"Nikolov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States"},{"name":"Medical Scientist Training Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vishnu R.","family":"Pendri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States"},{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lillian","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Srikanth R.","family":"Damera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States"},{"name":"Developing Brain Institute, Children\u2019s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5744-0408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maximilian","family":"Riesenhuber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States"},{"name":"Center for Neuroengineering, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"22","key":"2026101515562554100_IMAG.a.1388-b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7359","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0793-09.2009","article-title":"Stimulus-specific adaptation occurs in the auditory thalamus","volume":"29","author":"Anderson","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026101515562554100_IMAG.a.1388-b2","unstructured":"Ashburner, J., Barnes, G., Chen, C.-C., Daunizeau, J., Flandin, G., Friston, K., Gitelman, D., Glauche, V., Henson, R., Hutton, C., Jafarian, A., Kiebel, S., Kilner, J., Litvak, V., Mattout, J., Moran, R., Penny, W., Phillips, C., Razi, A., \u2026 Zeidman, P. 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