{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:22:19Z","timestamp":1787066539624,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MIT Press","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":250,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23NS104211, L30NS108301, R01NS128478, and K24NS126781"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23NS104211, L30NS108301, R01NS128478, and K24NS126781"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01HD106928"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01HD106928"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004008","name":"Italian National Institute of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CUP I85E23001090005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP I85E23001090005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004008","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation Postdoc.Mobility","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P500PM_214211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P500PM_214211"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Hand motor control depends on intricate brain\u2013spinal cord interactions that regulate muscle activity. Hand function can be disrupted by injury to the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves leading to weakness and impaired coordination. Functional MRI (fMRI) can map motor-related neural activity and potentially characterize the mechanisms underlying hand weakness and diminished coordination. Although brain motor control has been extensively studied, spinal cord mechanisms remain less explored. Here we use simultaneous brain\u2013spinal cord fMRI to map neural activity related to hand strength and dexterity across the central nervous system using force matching and finger tapping tasks. We performed simultaneous brain\u2013spinal cord fMRI in 28 right-handed healthy volunteers (age: 40.0 \u00b1 13.8 years, 14 females, 14 males) using a 3T GE scanner. Participants performed a force-matching task at 10%, 20%, and 30% of maximum voluntary contraction. For the finger tapping task, participants completed button presses for three task levels: single-digit response with the second digit only, single-digit response with all digits in a sequential order, and single-digit response with all digits in a random order. Brain and spinal cord images were processed separately and assessed both activations and deactivations. Region of interest (ROI) analyses were also conducted to explore localized changes in activation across the task levels. Both tasks elicited activation in motor and sensory regions of the brain and spinal cord, with graded responses in the left primary motor (M1), left primary sensory (S1) cortex, and right spinal cord gray matter across task levels. Deactivation of the right M1 and S1 was also present for both tasks. Deactivation of the left spinal cord gray matter that scaled with task level was seen in the force matching task. The ROI analysis findings complemented the group level activity maps. Our study provides a detailed map of brain\u2013spinal cord interactions in hand function, revealing graded neural activation and deactivation patterns across motor and sensory regions. Right M1 deactivation is likely evidence of interhemispheric inhibition that restricts extraneous motor output during unilateral tasks. For force matching, the deactivation of the left ventral and dorsal horns of the spinal cord provides the first evidence that the inhibition of motor areas during a unilateral motor task extends to the spinal cord. Whether this inhibition results from direct descending modulation from the brain or interneuronal inhibition in the spinal cord remains to be interrogated. These findings expand our understanding of central motor control mechanisms and could inform rehabilitation strategies for individuals with motor impairments. This approach may offer a foundation for studying motor dysfunction in conditions such as stroke, spinal cord injury, and neurodegenerative diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/imag.a.159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T20:01:33Z","timestamp":1757361693000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Mapping hand function with simultaneous brain\u2013spinal cord functional MRI"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7849-191X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria","family":"Oliva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States"},{"name":"Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandrine","family":"B\u00e9dard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States"},{"name":"NeuroPoly Lab, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Merve","family":"Kaptan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dario","family":"Pfyffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brett","family":"Chy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanna","family":"Aufrichtig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nazrawit","family":"Berhe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akshay S.","family":"Chaudhari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne","family":"Tharin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serena S.","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Ratliff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary A.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew C.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Therapy Program, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary H.","family":"Glover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Mackey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of 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