{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T22:08:49Z","timestamp":1787263729352,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MIT Press","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":286,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023272","name":"VUB Steunfonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek and Brussels-Capital Region-Innoviris","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"FWO Flanders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1805620 N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1805620 N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004418","name":"Belgian Charcot Foundation and an unrestricted research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Genzyme-Sanofi"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Genzyme-Sanofi"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004418","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neuro-degenerative and inflammatory disease causing motor, sensory, and cognitive deficits, including impairments in working memory and attention. These cognitive deficits may arise from an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory neural activity due to synaptic loss. Recent studies suggest that the aperiodic 1\/f slope, a neural marker reflecting excitation\/inhibition (E\/I) balance, could serve as a biomarker for cognitive control. This study examines 1\/f slope modulation during cognitive tasks in people with MS and healthy controls to investigate its potential as a paradigm-independent marker of cognitive control. We analyzed the Magnetoencephalography (MEG) data collected from 126 participants: 44 healthy controls (HCs), 61 people with MS not treated with benzodiazepines (pwMS(BZDn)), and 21 pwMS treated with benzodiazepines (pwMS(BZDp)). Participants performed an auditory oddball task and a visual-verbal n-back working memory task. After preprocessing MEG data, we used the specparam (formerly FOOOF) algorithm to extract the aperiodic 1\/f slope from power spectral densities across 42 cortical parcels. Through this analysis, we observed significant steepening in the 1\/f slope following stimulus onset for all stimulus types, with non-standard stimuli (targets and distractors) producing more pronounced effect (i.e., steeper slopes following stimulus onset). Compared to HCs, people with MS treated with benzodiazepines showed attenuated slope steepening in response to distractor stimuli, consistent with benzodiazepine-related impairments in inhibitory control. Moreover, unlike HCs, pwMS exhibited less steepening of 1\/f slope response to distractors versus targets, indicating deficient phasic inhibition. Finally, in both HCs and pwMS(BZDn), the 1\/f slope modulation was positively correlated across the auditory oddball and n-back tasks, pointing to a consistent, paradigm-independent neural mechanism. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that the aperiodic 1\/f slope is a sensitive, paradigm-independent marker of cognitive control and E\/I balance. The attenuated slope steepening in response to distractors in pwMS highlights disruptions in inhibitory neural processes underlying their cognitive deficits. These findings underscore the value of aperiodic spectral measures to deepen our understanding of cognitive impairments in MS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/imag.a.973","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T20:02:13Z","timestamp":1760472133000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Task-induced 1\/f slope modulation as a paradigm-independent marker of cognitive control in multiple sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1623-6005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fahimeh","family":"Akbarian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Informatics (ETRO), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"AIMS lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Center for Neurosciences, Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1t\u00e9","family":"Gyurkovics","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie B.","family":"D\u2019hooghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National MS Center Melsbroek, Melsbroek, Belgium"},{"name":"Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"D\u2019haeseleer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National MS Center Melsbroek, Melsbroek, Belgium"},{"name":"Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"UZ Brussel, Department of Neurology, Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guy","family":"Nagels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIMS lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Center for Neurosciences, Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"UZ Brussel, Department of Neurology, Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"St Edmund Hall, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeroen","family":"Van Schependom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Informatics (ETRO), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"AIMS lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Center for Neurosciences, Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"17","key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5784","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.26476","article-title":"The spectral slope as a marker of excitation\/inhibition ratio and cognitive functioning in multiple sclerosis","volume":"44","author":"Akbarian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585241253777","article-title":"Stimulus-related modulation in the 1\/f spectral slope suggests an impaired inhibition during a working memory task in people with multiple sclerosis","volume":"30","author":"Akbarian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Journal"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00295.2022","article-title":"The role of aperiodic spectral slope in event-related potentials and cognition among children with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"128","author":"Arnett","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00470.2011","article-title":"Origins of 1\/f 2 scaling in the power spectrum of intracortical local field potential","volume":"107","author":"Baranauskas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200418010-00004","article-title":"Cognitive effects of long-term benzodiazepine use: A meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Barker","year":"2004","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004","article-title":"An inventory for measuring depression","volume":"4","author":"Beck","year":"1961","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1191\/1352458504ms1098oa","article-title":"Reliable screening for neuropsychological impairment in multiple sclerosis","volume":"10","author":"Benedict","year":"2004","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.8.2.145","article-title":"Revision of the brief visuospatial memory test: Studies of normal performance, reliability, and validity","volume":"8","author":"Benedict","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological)"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858415592594","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation: Decomposing the processes underlying action preparation","volume":"22","author":"Bestmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Neuroscientist"},{"key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e78811","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.78811","article-title":"An increase of inhibition drives the developmental decorrelation of neural activity","volume":"11","author":"Chini","year":"2022","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b12","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"1988","edition":"2nd"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2431","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24955","article-title":"Spatiotemporal and spectral dynamics of multi-item working memory as revealed by the n-back task using MEG","volume":"41","author":"Costers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bhae236","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhae236","article-title":"Aperiodic and periodic components of oscillatory brain activity in relation to cognition and symptoms in pediatric ADHD","volume":"34","author":"Dakwar-Kawar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-00744-x","article-title":"Parameterizing neural power spectra into periodic and aperiodic components","volume":"23","author":"Donoghue","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4299-12.2012","article-title":"Dissociating the role of prefrontal and premotor cortices in controlling inhibitory mechanisms during motor preparation","volume":"32","author":"Duque","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3793","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5722-09.2010","article-title":"Evidence for two concurrent inhibitory mechanisms during response preparation","volume":"30","author":"Duque","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.06.078","article-title":"Inferring synaptic excitation\/inhibition balance from field potentials","volume":"158","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"37","key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7144","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0414-22.2022","article-title":"Stimulus-induced changes in 1\/ f -like background activity in EEG","volume":"42","author":"Gyurkovics","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s00422-019-00795-9","article-title":"Explaining event-related fields by a mechanistic model encapsulating the anatomical structure of auditory cortex","volume":"113","author":"Hajizadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biological Cybernetics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.04.020","article-title":"The temporal structures and functional significance of scale-free brain activity","volume":"66","author":"He","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-017-0935-1","article-title":"The reliability paradox: Why robust cognitive tasks do not produce reliable individual differences","volume":"50","author":"Hedge","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(20000103)416:1<79::AID-CNE6>3.0.CO;2-2","article-title":"Auditory cortex on the human posterior superior temporal gyrus","volume":"416","author":"Howard","year":"2000","journal-title":"The Journal of Comparative Neurology"},{"issue":"13","key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585221125381","article-title":"Inhibitory synaptic loss drives network changes in multiple sclerosis: An ex vivo to in silico translational study","volume":"28","author":"Huiskamp","year":"2022","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fcad140","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcad140","article-title":"Cognitive performance in multiple sclerosis: What is the role of the gamma-aminobutyric acid system?","volume":"5","author":"Huiskamp","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Communications"},{"key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jenikson, M.\n           (2005). BET2: MR-based estimation of brain, skull and scalp surfaces. In: Eleventh Annual Meeting of the Organization for Human Brain Mapping, 167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1053-8119(08)70003-x","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(08)70003-X"},{"key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b27","article-title":"Event-induced modulation of aperiodic background EEG: Attention-dependent and age-related shifts in E:I balance, and their consequences for behavior","author":"Ka\u0142ama\u0142a","year":"2023","journal-title":"Imaging Neuroscience"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.06.253","article-title":"Exploring resting-state EEG brain oscillatory activity in relation to cognitive functioning in multiple sclerosis","volume":"128","author":"Keune","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2021.102814","article-title":"The utility of magnetoencephalography in multiple sclerosis \u2013 A systematic review","volume":"32","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeuroImage: Clinical"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.33.11.1444","article-title":"Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: An expanded disability status scale (EDSS)","volume":"33","author":"Kurtzke","year":"1983","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-07397-7","article-title":"Aperiodic and oscillatory systems underpinning human domain-general cognition","volume":"7","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Communications Biology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1995.1012","article-title":"A probabilistic atlas of the human brain: Theory and rationale for its development","volume":"2","author":"Mazziotta","year":"1995","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-80911-3","article-title":"Aperiodic spectral slope tracks the effects of brain state on saliency responses in the human auditory cortex","volume":"14","author":"Mocchi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fcae306","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcae306","article-title":"Changes in electrophysiological aperiodic activity during cognitive control in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"6","author":"Monchy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Communications"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2011.07.011","article-title":"A unified framework for inhibitory control","volume":"15","author":"Munakata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.06.068","article-title":"1\/f electrophysiological spectra in resting and drug-induced states can be explained by the dynamics of multiple oscillatory relaxation processes","volume":"179","author":"Muthukumaraswamy","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0100-y","article-title":"Diazepam-induced loss of inhibitory synapses mediated by PLC\u03b4\/ Ca2+\/calcineurin signalling downstream of GABAA receptors","volume":"23","author":"Nicholson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Molecular Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1002\/lio2.73","article-title":"Auditory processing in the human cortex: An intracranial electrophysiology perspective","volume":"2","author":"Nourski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Laryngoscope Investigative Otolaryngology"},{"key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/156869","article-title":"FieldTrip: Open source software for advanced analysis of MEG, EEG, and invasive electrophysiological data","volume":"2011","author":"Oostenveld","year":"2011","journal-title":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458509348519","article-title":"The fatigue scale for motor and cognitive functions (FSMC): Validation of a new instrument to assess multiple sclerosis-related fatigue","volume":"15","author":"Penner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1177\/15500594231165589","article-title":"Aperiodic neural activity is a better predictor of schizophrenia than neural oscillations","volume":"54","author":"Peterson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clinical Electroencephalography and Neuroscience"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2007.04.019","article-title":"Updating P300: An integrative theory of P3a and P3b","volume":"118","author":"Polich","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22366","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2010 Revisions to the McDonald criteria","volume":"69","author":"Polman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.5.685","article-title":"Cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis.: I. Frequency, patterns, and prediction","volume":"41","author":"Rao","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2427","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00388.2019","article-title":"EEG power spectral slope differs by ADHD status and stimulant medication exposure in early childhood","volume":"122","author":"Robertson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/11.4.329","article-title":"Benton controlled oral word association test: Reliability and updated norms","volume":"11","author":"Ruff","year":"1996","journal-title":"Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/52.3-4.591","article-title":"An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples)","volume":"52","author":"Shapiro","year":"1965","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585231159817","article-title":"Neurophysiological MEG markers of cognitive impairment and performance validity in multiple sclerosis","volume":"29","author":"Simon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Journal"},{"key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b49","unstructured":"Smith, A.\n           (1968). The symbol-digit modalities test: A neuropsychological test of learning and other cerebral disorders. Learning Disorders, 83\u201391. https:\/\/www.scirp.org\/reference\/referencespapers?referenceid=1357800"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.10062","article-title":"Fast robust automated brain extraction","volume":"17","author":"Smith","year":"2002","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(75)90263-1","article-title":"Two varieties of long-latency positive waves evoked by unpredictable auditory stimuli in man","volume":"38","author":"Squires","year":"1975","journal-title":"Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458509106615","article-title":"Sensitivity of conventional memory tests in multiple sclerosis: Comparing the Rao brief repeatable neuropsychological battery and the minimal assessment of cognitive function in MS","volume":"15","author":"Strober","year":"2009","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Journal"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3359","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2005.853302","article-title":"Applications of the signal space separation method","volume":"53","author":"Taulu","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-024-12227-1","article-title":"Identifying and understanding cognitive profiles in multiple sclerosis: A role for visuospatial memory functioning","volume":"271","author":"Van Dam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology"},{"issue":"16","key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4789","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24737","article-title":"Altered transient brain dynamics in multiple sclerosis: Treatment or pathology?","volume":"40","author":"Van Schependom","year":"2019","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2987","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05316-z","article-title":"Spontaneous cortical activity transiently organises into frequency specific phase-coupling networks","volume":"9","author":"Vidaurre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b57","article-title":"Advancing the understanding of individual differences in attentional control: Theoretical, methodological, and analytical considerations","author":"Von Bastian","year":"2020","journal-title":"PsyArXiv"},{"issue":"38","key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13257","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2332-14.2015","article-title":"Age-related changes in 1\/f neural electrophysiological noise","volume":"35","author":"Voytek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70068","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.70068","article-title":"Modality-specific tracking of attention and sensory statistics in the human electrophysiological spectral exponent","volume":"10","author":"Waschke","year":"2021","journal-title":"eLife"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.04.041","article-title":"MEG beamforming using Bayesian PCA for adaptive data covariance matrix regularization","volume":"57","author":"Woolrich","year":"2011","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1159\/000525988","article-title":"Cognitive functioning in long-term benzodiazepine users","volume":"28","author":"Zetsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"European Addiction Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bhad535","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhad535","article-title":"Regional GABA levels modulate abnormal resting-state network functional connectivity and cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025103015551466800_IMAG.a.973-b63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-020-02258-z","article-title":"Selective vulnerability of inhibitory networks in multiple sclerosis","volume":"141","author":"Zoupi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathologica"}],"container-title":["Imaging Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/imag\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1162\/IMAG.a.973\/2558803\/imag.a.973.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/imag\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1162\/IMAG.a.973\/2558803\/imag.a.973.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T19:55:32Z","timestamp":1761854132000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/imag\/article\/doi\/10.1162\/IMAG.a.973\/133555\/Task-induced-1-f-slope-modulation-as-a-paradigm"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":63,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/imag.a.973","relation":{},"ISSN":["2837-6056"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2837-6056","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"article-number":"IMAG.a.973"}}