{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T22:38:52Z","timestamp":1788043132452,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MIT Press","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]],"date-time":"2023-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The monkey brain represents a key research model thanks to its strong homologies with the humans, but diffusion-MRI (dMRI) performed at millimeter-level resolution using clinical scanners and pulse-sequences cannot take full advantage of this. Cardiovascular effects on 3D multi-shot Echo-Planar Imaging (3D-msEPI) dMRI were characterized at submillimetric resolution by comparing triggered and non-triggered diffusion-weighted (DW)-images and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) maps. We also investigated the value of 3D-msEPI with cardiovascular-triggering to achieve dMRI of the anesthetized macaque brain with high resolution previously restricted to ex-vivo brains. Eight DW-images with voxel-size = 0.5 \u00d7 0.5 \u00d7 1 mm3 and b = 1500 s\/mm2 were collected at 3 Tesla from two macaques using triggered and then non-triggered 3D-msEPI. Statistical analysis by mixed models was used to compare signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and ghost-to-signal ratio (GSR) of DW-images with and without triggering. Brain DTI with isotropic-resolution of 0.4 mm and b = 1000 s\/mm2 was also collected in three macaques with triggered 3D-msEPI and reapplied without triggering in one. Cardiovascular pulsations induce inter-shot phase-errors with non-linear spatial dependency on DW-images, resulting in ghost-artifacts and signal loss particularly in the brainstem, thalamus, and cerebellum. Cardiovascular-triggering proved effective in addressing these, recovering SNR in white and gray matter (all p &amp;lt; 0.0001), and reducing GSR from 16.5 \u00b1 10% to 4.7 \u00b1 4.2% on DW-images (p &amp;lt; 0.0001). Triggered 3D-msEPI provided DTI-maps with the unprecedented spatial-resolution of 0.4 mm, enabling several substructures of the macaque brain to be discerned and thus analyzed in vivo. The value of cardiovascular-triggering in maintaining DTI-map sharpness and guaranteeing accurate tractography results in the brainstem, thalamus, and cerebellum was also demonstrated. In conclusion, this work highlights the effects of cardiovascular pulsations on brain 3D-dMRI and the value of triggered 3D-msEPI to provide high-quality diffusion-MRI of the anesthetized macaque brain. For routine studies, 3D-msEPI must be coupled with appropriate techniques to reduce acquisition duration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/imag_a_00039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]],"date-time":"2023-11-20T12:09:50Z","timestamp":1700482190000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Cardiovascular effects on high-resolution 3D multi-shot diffusion MRI of the rhesus macaque brain"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Yann","family":"Bihan-Poudec","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, CNRS UMR 5229, Lyon, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon I, Villeurbanne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Slimane","family":"Tounekti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, CNRS UMR 5229, Lyon, 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