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Results revealed: (1) significant within-person declines in fractional anisotropy (FA) in the whole WM (d = -0.12), genu (d = -0.16), and splenium (d = -0.13); (2) greater declines in FA associated with older age, longer follow-up times, and female sex; (3) a possible yet inconclusive vulnerability of late-myelinating WM (the \u201cdevelopment-to-degeneration\u201d gradient); and (4) factors decelerating (e.g., physical activity and social activities) and accelerating (e.g., vascular risk factors, biomarkers for Alzheimer\u2019s disease, and alcohol consumption) age-related FA changes. Our findings encourage the consideration of WM as a new target for treatments and interventions against cognitive decline and lay the foundation for studying the plastic and regenerative potential of adult WM in clinical trials. Individual differences in WM changes could aid in the preclinical diagnosis of dementia, opening a window for earlier, more effective treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/imag_a_00045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]],"date-time":"2023-11-22T11:00:46Z","timestamp":1700650846000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Within-person changes in the aging white matter microstructure and their modifiers: A meta-analysis and systematic review of longitudinal diffusion tensor imaging studies"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Mendez Colmenares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Development and Family Studies\/Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United 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