{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T17:34:52Z","timestamp":1788024892069,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MIT Press","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]],"date-time":"2023-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Neuromodulation therapies, such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), have shown promise as treatments for tobacco use disorder (TUD). However, the underlying mechanisms of these therapies remain unclear, which may hamper optimization and personalization efforts. In this study, we investigated alteration of brain entropy as a potential mechanism underlying the neural effects of noninvasive brain stimulation by rTMS in people with TUD. We employed sample entropy (SampEn) to quantify the complexity and predictability of brain activity measured using resting-state fMRI data. Our study design included a randomized single-blind study with 42 participants who underwent 2 data collection sessions. During each session, participants received high-frequency (10 Hz) stimulation to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) or a control region (visual cortex), and resting-state fMRI scans were acquired before and after rTMS. Our findings revealed that individuals who smoke exhibited higher baseline SampEn throughout the brain as compared to previously-published SampEn measurements in control participants. Furthermore, high-frequency rTMS to the dlPFC but not the control region reduced SampEn in the insula and dlPFC, regions implicated in TUD, and also reduced self-reported cigarette craving. These results suggest that brain entropy may serve as a potential biomarker for effects of rTMS, and provide insight into the neural mechanisms underlying rTMS effects on smoking cessation. Our study contributes to the growing understanding of brain-based interventions for TUD by highlighting the relevance of brain entropy in characterizing neural activity patterns associated with smoking. The observed reductions in entropy following dlPFC-targeted rTMS suggest a potential mechanism for the therapeutic effects of this intervention. These findings support the use of neuroimaging techniques to investigate the use of neuromodulation therapies for TUD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/imag_a_00061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]],"date-time":"2023-12-20T12:08:11Z","timestamp":1703074091000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Unraveling neural complexity: Exploring brain entropy to yield mechanistic insight in neuromodulation therapies for tobacco use disorder"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Timothy","family":"Jordan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Apostol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Nomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2025081115572529000_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80927-5","article-title":"A double-blind randomized clinical trial of high frequency rTMS over the DLPFC on nicotine dependence, anxiety and depression","volume":"11","author":"Abdelrahman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025081115572529000_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"Article 11","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.114","article-title":"Increased functional connectivity in an insula-based network is associated with improved smoking cessation outcomes","volume":"40","author":"Addicott","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025081115572529000_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2008.02448.x","article-title":"Repeated high-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex reduces cigarette craving and consumption","volume":"104","author":"Amiaz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"2025081115572529000_b4","article-title":"Non-linear optimisation. FMRIB technical report TR07JA1","author":"Andersson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Practice"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081115572529000_b5","first-page":"e21","article-title":"Non-linear registration, aka Spatial normalisation FMRIB technical report TR07JA2","volume":"2","author":"Andersson","year":"2007","journal-title":"FMRIB Analysis Group of the University of Oxford"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025081115572529000_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03657.x","article-title":"DSM criteria for tobacco use disorder and tobacco withdrawal: A critique and proposed revisions for DSM-5*","volume":"107","author":"Baker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025081115572529000_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2003.822821","article-title":"Probabilistic independent component analysis for functional magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"23","author":"Beckmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging"},{"key":"2025081115572529000_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.07.003","article-title":"The community structure of functional brain networks exhibits scale-specific patterns of inter- and intra-subject variability","volume":"202","author":"Betzel","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2025081115572529000_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116596","article-title":"Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on resting-state connectivity: A systematic review","volume":"211","author":"Beynel","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025081115572529000_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.026","article-title":"Neural substrates of resisting craving during cigarette cue exposure","volume":"62","author":"Brody","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025081115572529000_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.7.1211","article-title":"Smoking-induced ventral striatum dopamine release","volume":"161","author":"Brody","year":"2004","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025081115572529000_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1097\/WNP.0b013e3181b2f1e3","article-title":"Sample entropy tracks changes in EEG power spectrum with sleep state and aging","volume":"26","author":"Bruce","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology\u202f: Official Publication of the American Electroencephalographic Society"},{"key":"2025081115572529000_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00344","article-title":"Smoking cessation with 20 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) applied to two brain regions: A pilot study","volume":"12","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025081115572529000_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e40765","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.40765","article-title":"Decreased brain connectivity in smoking contrasts with increased connectivity in drinking","volume":"8","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025081115572529000_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"Article 12","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2013.134","article-title":"Association between nicotine dependence severity, BOLD response to smoking cues, and functional connectivity","volume":"38","author":"Claus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025081115572529000_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.04.251","article-title":"Nicotine replacement in abstinent smokers improves cognitive withdrawal symptoms with modulation of resting brain network dynamics","volume":"52","author":"Cole","year":"2010","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025081115572529000_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.05.020","article-title":"Smoking cessation induced by deep repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the prefrontal and insular cortices: A prospective, randomized controlled trial","volume":"76","author":"Dinur-Klein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025081115572529000_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12679","article-title":"Neural basis of smoking-induced relief of craving and negative affect: Contribution of nicotine","volume":"24","author":"Faulkner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addiction Biology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081115572529000_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12882","article-title":"Resting-state functional connectivity and nicotine addiction: Prospects for biomarker development","volume":"1349","author":"Fedota","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025081115572529000_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1109\/JERM.2018.2874528","article-title":"Deep transcranial magnetic stimulation for the addiction treatment: Electric field distribution modeling","volume":"2","author":"Fiocchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics, RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025081115572529000_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"Article 5","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2010.235","article-title":"Neural correlates of response inhibition and cigarette smoking in late adolescence","volume":"36","author":"Galv\u00e1n","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025081115572529000_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-021-01036-z","article-title":"Functional connectivity of the anterior insula during withdrawal from cigarette smoking","volume":"46","author":"Ghahremani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"2025081115572529000_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2022.109625","article-title":"Convergent gray matter alterations across drugs of abuse and network-level implications: A meta-analysis of structural MRI studies","volume":"240","author":"Hill-Bowen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025081115572529000_b24","first-page":"309","article-title":"Effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on cigarette smoking in patients with schizophrenia","volume":"28","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Shanghai Archives of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025081115572529000_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.227","article-title":"The development and expression of physical nicotine dependence corresponds to structural and functional alterations in the anterior cingulate-precuneus pathway","volume":"4","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain and Behavior"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025081115572529000_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"Article 7","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.9","article-title":"Insula\u2013dorsal anterior cingulate cortex coupling is associated with enhanced brain reactivity to smoking cues","volume":"40","author":"Janes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025081115572529000_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(00)00261-6","article-title":"Nicotine blood levels and subjective craving for cigarettes","volume":"66","author":"Jarvik","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081115572529000_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.10354","article-title":"Fast, automated, N-dimensional phase-unwrapping algorithm","volume":"49","author":"Jenkinson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Magnetic Resonance in Medicine"},{"key":"2025081115572529000_b29","article-title":"Improving the registration of B0-disorted EPI images using calculated cost function weights","author":"Jenkinson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Tenth International Conference on Functional Mapping of the Human Brain"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025081115572529000_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1132","article-title":"Improved optimization for the robust and accurate linear registration and motion correction of brain images","volume":"17","author":"Jenkinson","year":"2002","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025081115572529000_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S1361-8415(01)00036-6","article-title":"A global optimisation method for robust affine registration of brain images","volume":"5","author":"Jenkinson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Medical Image Analysis"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025081115572529000_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01834-y","article-title":"Brain lesions disrupting addiction map to a common human brain circuit","volume":"28","author":"Joutsa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025081115572529000_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.4091","article-title":"Large-scale brain network coupling predicts acute nicotine abstinence effects on craving and cognitive function","volume":"71","author":"Lerman","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025081115572529000_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.02.002","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex reduces resting-state insula activity and modulates functional connectivity of the orbitofrontal cortex in cigarette smokers","volume":"174","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025081115572529000_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.06.007","article-title":"Two weeks of image-guided left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation improves smoking cessation: A double-blind, sham-controlled, randomized clinical trial","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025081115572529000_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.01.003","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex reduces nicotine cue craving","volume":"73","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081115572529000_b37","first-page":"Article 1","article-title":"Hyper-resting brain entropy within chronic smokers and its moderation by Sex","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025081115572529000_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2018.17040415","article-title":"Mega-analysis of gray matter volume in substance dependence: General and substance-specific regional effects","volume":"176","author":"Mackey","year":"2019","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081115572529000_b39","first-page":"6","article-title":"Deep rTMS of the insula and prefrontal cortex in smokers with schizophrenia: Proof-of-concept study","volume":"8","author":"Moeller","year":"2022","journal-title":"Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany)"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025081115572529000_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2014.48","article-title":"Cigarette exposure, dependence, and craving are related to insula thickness in young adult smokers","volume":"39","author":"Morales","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"5811","key":"2025081115572529000_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1135926","article-title":"Damage to the insula disrupts addiction to cigarette smoking","volume":"315","author":"Naqvi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025081115572529000_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153976","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2023.1153976","article-title":"Increased spontaneous activity of the superior frontal gyrus with reduced functional connectivity to visual attention areas and cerebellum in male smokers","volume":"17","author":"Niu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081115572529000_b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-3289(96)90115-7","article-title":"Measuring tobacco withdrawal: A review of self-report questionnaires","volume":"8","author":"Patten","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Substance Abuse"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025081115572529000_b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyab015","article-title":"Sex differences in the association of cigarette craving with insula structure","volume":"24","author":"Perez Diaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"2025081115572529000_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2013.10.019","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation reduces cigarette consumption in schizophrenia patients","volume":"49","author":"Prikryl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025081115572529000_b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2013.11.003","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex decreases cue-induced nicotine craving and EEG delta power","volume":"7","author":"Pripfl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025081115572529000_b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0163-22.2022","article-title":"TMS does not increase BOLD activity at the site of stimulation: A review of all concurrent TMS-fMRI studies","volume":"9","author":"Rafiei","year":"2022","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025081115572529000_b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H2039","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.2000.278.6.H2039","article-title":"Physiological time-series analysis using approximate entropy and sample entropy","volume":"278","author":"Richman","year":"2000","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025081115572529000_b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.05.031","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the superior frontal gyrus modulates craving for cigarettes","volume":"70","author":"Rose","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025081115572529000_b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3095","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhx179","article-title":"Local-global parcellation of the human cerebral cortex from intrinsic functional connectivity MRI","volume":"28","author":"Schaefer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y.: 1991)"},{"issue":"Suppl 20","key":"2025081115572529000_b51","first-page":"22","article-title":"The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): The development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10","volume":"59","author":"Sheehan","year":"1998","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025081115572529000_b52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.09.037","article-title":"Preventing relapse to smoking with transcranial magnetic stimulation: Feasibility and potential efficacy","volume":"182","author":"Sheffer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025081115572529000_b53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200410001734067","article-title":"Recommendation for the assessment of tobacco craving and withdrawal in smoking cessation trials","volume":"6","author":"Shiffman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081115572529000_b54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00634151","article-title":"Smoking withdrawal symptoms in two weeks of abstinence","volume":"50","author":"Shiffman","year":"1976","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025081115572529000_b55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.10062","article-title":"Fast robust automated brain extraction","volume":"17","author":"Smith","year":"2002","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025081115572529000_b56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2013.10.001","article-title":"Resting state fMRI entropy probes complexity of brain activity in adults with ADHD","volume":"214","author":"Sokunbi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025081115572529000_b57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-018-9963-4","article-title":"Associations of brain entropy (BEN) to cerebral blood flow and fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations in the resting brain","volume":"13","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Imaging and Behavior"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025081115572529000_b58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-018-9866-4","article-title":"Reduced brain entropy by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in healthy young adults","volume":"13","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Imaging and Behavior"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025081115572529000_b59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.01.117","article-title":"Resting state functional connectivity in addiction: Lessons learned and a road ahead","volume":"62","author":"Sutherland","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025081115572529000_b60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2521","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2016.56","article-title":"Smoking abstinence-induced changes in resting state Functional connectivity with ventral striatum predict lapse during a quit attempt","volume":"41","author":"Sweitzer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025081115572529000_b61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-019-00744-6","article-title":"Towards a universal taxonomy of macro-scale functional human brain networks","volume":"32","author":"Uddin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Topography"},{"issue":"42","key":"2025081115572529000_b62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabj0751","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abj0751","article-title":"When makes you unique: Temporality of the human brain fingerprint","volume":"7","author":"Van De Ville","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science Advances"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081115572529000_b63","first-page":"Article 1","article-title":"Multivariate information theory uncovers synergistic subsystems of the human cerebral cortex","volume":"6","author":"Varley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Communications Biology"},{"key":"2025081115572529000_b64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00378","article-title":"Decreased complexity in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Resting-state fMRI evidence of brain entropy mapping","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025081115572529000_b65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00352","article-title":"Neurophysiological basis of multi-scale entropy of brain complexity and its relationship with functional connectivity","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025081115572529000_b66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e89948","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089948","article-title":"Brain entropy mapping using fMRI","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025081115572529000_b67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22672","article-title":"Reduced executive and default network functional connectivity in cigarette smokers","volume":"36","author":"Weiland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025081115572529000_b68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12644","article-title":"Classifying and characterizing nicotine use disorder with high accuracy using machine learning and resting-state fMRI","volume":"24","author":"Wetherill","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addiction Biology"},{"key":"2025081115572529000_b69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2021.109265","article-title":"Classification of patients with AD from healthy controls using entropy-based measures of causality brain networks","volume":"361","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081115572529000_b70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"Article 1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep02853","article-title":"The increase of the functional entropy of the human brain with age","volume":"3","author":"Yao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025081115572529000_b71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-012-0668-3","article-title":"The appropriate use of approximate entropy and sample entropy with short data sets","volume":"41","author":"Yentes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annals of Biomedical Engineering"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025081115572529000_b72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2021.06.037","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment for smoking cessation: An introduction for primary care clinicians","volume":"134","author":"Young","year":"2021","journal-title":"The American Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025081115572529000_b73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20905","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for smoking cessation: A pivotal multicenter double-blind randomized controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Zangen","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025081115572529000_b74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4450","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhab099","article-title":"Interindividual signatures of fMRI temporal fluctuations","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025081115572529000_b75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13048","article-title":"Effect of smoking on resting-state functional connectivity in smokers: An fMRI study","volume":"22","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respirology"}],"container-title":["Imaging Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/imag\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1162\/imag_a_00061\/2208786\/imag_a_00061.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/imag\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1162\/imag_a_00061\/2208786\/imag_a_00061.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T19:57:41Z","timestamp":1754942261000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/imag\/article\/doi\/10.1162\/imag_a_00061\/118791\/Unraveling-neural-complexity-Exploring-brain"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"references-count":75,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/imag_a_00061","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2023.09.12.557465","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2837-6056"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2837-6056","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"article-number":"imag-2-00061"}}