{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T06:19:10Z","timestamp":1790230750795,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MIT Press","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]],"date-time":"2024-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Neurocognitive models of semantic memory have proposed that the ventral anterior temporal lobes (vATLs) encode a graded and multidimensional semantic space\u2014yet neuroimaging studies seeking brain regions that encode semantic structure rarely identify these areas. In simulations, we show that this discrepancy may arise from a crucial mismatch between theory and analysis approach. Utilizing an analysis recently formulated to investigate graded multidimensional representations, representational similarity learning (RSL), we decoded semantic structure from ECoG data collected from the vATL cortical surface while participants named line drawings of common items. The results reveal a graded, multidimensional semantic space encoded in neural activity across the vATL, which evolves over time and simultaneously expresses both broad and finer-grained semantic structure among animate and inanimate concepts. The work resolves the apparent discrepancy within the semantic cognition literature and, more importantly, suggests a new approach to discovering representational structure in neural data more generally.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/imag_a_00093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]],"date-time":"2024-02-05T19:32:28Z","timestamp":1707161548000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Representational similarity learning reveals a graded multidimensional semantic space in the human anterior temporal cortex"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Christopher R.","family":"Cox","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy T.","family":"Rogers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akihiro","family":"Shimotake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takayuki","family":"Kikuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takeharu","family":"Kunieda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susumu","family":"Miyamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryosuke","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riki","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akio","family":"Ikeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epilepsy, Movement Disorders and Physiology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew A.","family":"Lambon Ralph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2025081116154782900_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3387-14.2015","article-title":"Direct physiologic evidence of a heteromodal convergence region for proper naming in human left anterior temporal lobe","volume":"35","author":"Abel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025081116154782900_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr119","article-title":"Atrophy, hypometabolism and white matter abnormalities in semantic dementia tell a coherent story","volume":"134","author":"Acosta-Cabronero","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025081116154782900_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2010.21567","article-title":"Differential activity for animals and manipulable objects in the anterior temporal lobes","volume":"23","author":"Anzellotti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025081116154782900_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2728","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhq019","article-title":"The ventral and inferolateral aspects of the anterior temporal lobe are crucial in semantic memory: Evidence from a novel direct comparison of distortion-corrected fMRI, rTMS, and semantic dementia","volume":"20","author":"Binney","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2025081116154782900_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2014.11.009","article-title":"Using a combination of fMRI and anterior temporal lobe rTMS to measure intrinsic and induced activation changes across the semantic cognition network","volume":"76","author":"Binney","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"47","key":"2025081116154782900_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18597","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1548-13.2013","article-title":"Similarity of fMRI activity patterns in left perirhinal cortex reflects semantic similarity between words","volume":"33","author":"Bruffaerts","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081116154782900_b7","first-page":"294","article-title":"Representational similarity mapping of distributional semantics in left inferior frontal, middle temporal, and motor cortex","volume":"27","author":"Carota","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025081116154782900_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-016-0039","article-title":"A unified model of human semantic knowledge and its disorders","volume":"1","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature Human Behaviour"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025081116154782900_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1002\/wcs.1283","article-title":"Revisiting domain-general accounts of category specificity in mind and brain","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"WIREs Cognitive Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025081116154782900_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhu328","article-title":"The representation of object-directed action and function knowledge in the human brain","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2025081116154782900_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2016.02.015","article-title":"The \u2018when\u2019 and \u2018where\u2019 of semantic coding in the anterior temporal lobe: Temporal representational similarity analysis of electrocorticogram data","volume":"79","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025081116154782900_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3635","article-title":"Resolving human object recognition in space and time","volume":"17","author":"Cichy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"issue":"14","key":"2025081116154782900_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4766","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2828-13.2014","article-title":"Object-specific semantic coding in human perirhinal cortex","volume":"34","author":"Clarke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025081116154782900_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2608","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5547-11.2012","article-title":"The representation of biological classes in the human brain","volume":"32","author":"Connolly","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025081116154782900_b15","volume-title":"Whole-brain Imaging with Sparse Correlations","author":"Cox","year":"2022"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025081116154782900_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0904-20.2020","article-title":"Finding distributed needles in neural haystacks","volume":"41","author":"Cox","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"48","key":"2025081116154782900_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18906","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3809-13.2013","article-title":"Representational similarity analysis reveals commonalities and differences in the semantic processing of words and objects","volume":"33","author":"Devereux","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081116154782900_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10636","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28865-1","article-title":"Integrated deep visual and semantic attractor neural networks predict fMRI pattern-information along the ventral object processing pathway","volume":"8","author":"Devereux","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081116154782900_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1162\/089892998563798","article-title":"Category-specific semantic deficits in focal and widespread brain damage: A computational account [Article]","volume":"10","author":"Devlin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081116154782900_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(01)00066-5","article-title":"Is there an anatomical basis for category-specificity? Semantic memory studies in PET and fMRI","volume":"40","author":"Devlin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2025081116154782900_b21","first-page":"333","article-title":"Conceptual structure within and between modalities","volume":"6","author":"Dilkina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"issue":"5539","key":"2025081116154782900_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2470","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1063414","article-title":"A cortical area selective for visual processing of the human body","volume":"293","author":"Downing","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025081116154782900_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2007.11.034","article-title":"Category-specific naming and recognition deficits in temporal lobe epilepsy surgical patients","volume":"46","author":"Drane","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2025081116154782900_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420011814","volume-title":"Randomization tests","author":"Edgington","year":"2007","edition":"4th"},{"issue":"25","key":"2025081116154782900_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10552","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0051-13.2013","article-title":"Brain regions that represent amodal conceptual knowledge","volume":"33","author":"Fairhall","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025081116154782900_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2108091119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2108091119","article-title":"Decoding the information structure underlying the neural representation of concepts","volume":"119","author":"Fernandino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"2025081116154782900_b27","article-title":"Ordered weighted l1 regularized regression with strongly correlated covariates: Theoretical aspects","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2016"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025081116154782900_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2022.12.006","article-title":"Decoding semantic representations in mind and brain","volume":"27","author":"Frisby","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025081116154782900_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2017-0034","article-title":"Why do herpes simplex encephalitis and semantic dementia show a different pattern of semantic impairment in spite of their main common involvement within the anterior temporal lobes","volume":"29","author":"Gainotti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reviews in the Neurosciences"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025081116154782900_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2589","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-018-1641-1","article-title":"Task- and domain-specific modulation of functional connectivity in the ventral and dorsal object-processing pathways","volume":"223","author":"Garcea","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Structure & Function"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025081116154782900_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/02643290125857","article-title":"Prototypicality, distinctiveness, and intercorrelation: Analyses of the semantic attributes of living and nonliving concepts [Article]","volume":"18","author":"Garrard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cognitive Neuropsychology"},{"key":"2025081116154782900_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.05.067","article-title":"Dual-echo fMRI can detect activations in inferior temporal lobe during intelligible speech comprehension","volume":"122","author":"Halai","year":"2015","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025081116154782900_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4118","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22463","article-title":"A comparison of dual gradient-echo and spin-echo fMRI of the inferior temporal lobe","volume":"35","author":"Halai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025081116154782900_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-00951-3","article-title":"Revealing the multidimensional mental representations of natural objects underlying human similarity judgements","volume":"4","author":"Hebart","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Human Behaviour"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025081116154782900_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(07)70266-1","article-title":"Semantic dementia: A unique clinicopathological syndrome [Review Article]","volume":"6","author":"Hodges","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Neurology"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"2025081116154782900_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1080\/02643294.2016.1188798","article-title":"The neural network for tool-related cognition: An activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of 70 neuroimaging contrasts","volume":"33","author":"Ishibashi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cognitive Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025081116154782900_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-01034-z","article-title":"Reverse-engineering the cortical architecture for controlled semantic cognition","volume":"5","author":"Jackson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Human Behaviour"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025081116154782900_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2012.10.008","article-title":"The neural basis of semantic cognition: Converging evidence from neuropsychology, neuroimaging and TMS","volume":"49","author":"Jefferies","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"2025081116154782900_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2016.06.008","article-title":"Thematic knowledge, artifact concepts, and the left posterior temporal lobe: Where action and object semantics converge","volume":"82","author":"Kal\u00e9nine","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025081116154782900_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4302","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-11-04302.1997","article-title":"The fusiform face area: A module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception","volume":"17","author":"Kanwisher","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081116154782900_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08848-0","article-title":"Reconstructing meaning from bits of information","volume":"10","author":"Kivisaari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"2025081116154782900_b42","first-page":"4","article-title":"Representational similarity analysis\u2014Connecting the branches of systems neuroscience","volume":"2","author":"Kriegeskorte","year":"2008","journal-title":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025081116154782900_b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.10.043","article-title":"Matching categorical object representations in inferior temporal cortex of man and monkey","volume":"60","author":"Kriegeskorte","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"1634","key":"2025081116154782900_b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20120392","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2012.0392","article-title":"Neurocognitive insights on conceptual knowledge and its breakdown","volume":"369","author":"Lambon Ralph","year":"2014","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025081116154782900_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3243","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq264","article-title":"Taking both sides: Do unilateral anterior temporal lobe lesions disrupt semantic memory","volume":"133","author":"Lambon Ralph","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081116154782900_b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr325","article-title":"Semantic memory is impaired in patients with unilateral anterior temporal lobe resection for temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"135","author":"Lambon Ralph","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081116154782900_b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2016.150","article-title":"The neural and computational bases of semantic cognition","volume":"18","author":"Lambon Ralph","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025081116154782900_b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm025","article-title":"Neural basis of category-specific semantic deficits for living things: Evidence from semantic dementia, HSVE and a neural network model","volume":"130","author":"Lambon Ralph","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025081116154782900_b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhn131","article-title":"Conceptual knowledge is underpinned by the temporal pole bilaterally: Convergent evidence from rTMS","volume":"19","author":"Lambon Ralph","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"issue":"154\u2013234","key":"2025081116154782900_b50","first-page":"1","article-title":"Hyperband: A novel bandit-based approach to hyperparameter optimization [Article]","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"2025081116154782900_b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.02.032","article-title":"Cross-modal representation of spoken and written word meaning in left pars triangularis","volume":"150","author":"Liuzzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025081116154782900_b52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.07.012","article-title":"Category-specific organization in the human brain does not require visual experience","volume":"63","author":"Mahon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025081116154782900_b53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2011.01.004","article-title":"What drives the organization of object knowledge in the brain","volume":"15","author":"Mahon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"issue":"39","key":"2025081116154782900_b54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10089","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1599-16.2016","article-title":"Multivariate pattern analysis reveals category-related organization of semantic representations in anterior temporal cortex","volume":"36","author":"Malone","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2025081116154782900_b55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e31873","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.31873","article-title":"Integrative and distinctive coding of visual and conceptual object features in the ventral visual stream","volume":"7","author":"Martin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"2025081116154782900_b56","volume-title":"MATLAB version: 9.13.0 (R2018b)","author":"MathWorks Inc","year":"2018"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025081116154782900_b57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03192726","article-title":"Semantic feature production norms for a large set of living and nonliving things","volume":"37","author":"McRae","year":"2005","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025081116154782900_b58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.126.2.99","article-title":"On the nature and scope of featural representations of word meaning","volume":"126","author":"McRae","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025081116154782900_b85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1080\/027249897392017","article-title":"Age of acquisition norms for a large set of object names and their relation to adult estimates and other variables","volume":"50","author":"Morrison","year":"1997","journal-title":"The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A"},{"issue":"Pt 4","key":"2025081116154782900_b59","first-page":"1138","article-title":"Temporal lobe lesions and semantic impairment: A comparison of herpes simplex virus encephalitis and semantic dementia","volume":"130","author":"Noppeney","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2025081116154782900_b60","article-title":"Representational similarity learning with application to brain networks","volume-title":"ICML\u201916 Proceedings of the 33rd International Conference on International Conference on Machine Learning","author":"Oswal","year":"2016"},{"key":"2025081116154782900_b61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/ALLERTON.2018.8635965","article-title":"Scalable Sparse Subspace Clustering via Ordered Weighted l1 Regression","volume-title":"2018 56th Annual Allerton Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing (Allerton)","author":"Oswal","year":"2018"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025081116154782900_b62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2277","article-title":"Where do you know what you know? The representation of semantic knowledge in the human brain","volume":"8","author":"Patterson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025081116154782900_b63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2006.18.2.169","article-title":"\u201cPresemantic\u201d cognition in semantic dementia: Six deficits in search of an explanation","volume":"18","author":"Patterson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"issue":"45","key":"2025081116154782900_b64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15728","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1953-12.2012","article-title":"Conceptual object representations in human anterior temporal cortex","volume":"32","author":"Peelen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"2025081116154782900_b65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1080\/02643294.2016.1176907","article-title":"A comparative evaluation of off-the-shelf distributed semantic representations for modelling behavioural data","volume":"33","author":"Pereira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cognitive Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081116154782900_b66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2202\/1544-6115.1585","article-title":"Permutation P-values should never be zero: Calculating exact P-values when permutations are randomly drawn","volume":"9","author":"Phipson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Statistical Applications in Genetics and Molecular Biology"},{"issue":"50","key":"2025081116154782900_b67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20137","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0707383104","article-title":"Anterior temporal lobes mediate semantic representation: mimicking semantic dementia by using rTMS in normal participants","volume":"104","author":"Pobric","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025081116154782900_b68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2010.03.070","article-title":"Category-specific versus category-general semantic impairment induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"20","author":"Pobric","year":"2010","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025081116154782900_b69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhx362","article-title":"The roles of left versus right anterior temporal lobes in semantic memory: A neuropsychological comparison of postsurgical temporal lobe epilepsy patients","volume":"28","author":"Rice","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2025081116154782900_b70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e66276","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.66276","article-title":"Evidence for a deep, distributed and dynamic code for animacy in human ventral anterior temporal cortex","volume":"10","author":"Rogers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025081116154782900_b71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.3758\/CABN.6.3.201","article-title":"Anterior temporal cortex and semantic memory: Reconciling findings from neuropsychology and functional imaging","volume":"6","author":"Rogers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081116154782900_b72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.111.1.205","article-title":"Structure and deterioration of semantic memory: A neuropsychological and computational investigation","volume":"111","author":"Rogers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"2025081116154782900_b73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/6161.001.0001","volume-title":"Semantic cognition: A parallel distributed processing approach","author":"Rogers","year":"2004"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025081116154782900_b74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1111\/cogs.12148","article-title":"Parallel Distributed Processing at 25: Further explorations in the microstructure of cognition","volume":"38","author":"Rogers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025081116154782900_b75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2107","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00441","article-title":"Why bilateral damage is worse than unilateral damage to the brain","volume":"25","author":"Schapiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025081116154782900_b76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00733","article-title":"The animacy continuum in the human ventral vision pathway","volume":"27","author":"Sha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025081116154782900_b77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3802","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhu262","article-title":"Direct exploration of the role of the ventral anterior temporal lobe in semantic memory: Cortical stimulation and local field potential evidence from subdural grid electrodes","volume":"25","author":"Shimotake","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025081116154782900_b78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp149","article-title":"The selectivity and functional connectivity of the anterior temporal lobes","volume":"20","author":"Simmons","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025081116154782900_b86","article-title":"A standardized set of 260 pictures: norms for name agreement, image agreement, familiarity, and visual complexity","volume":"6","author":"Snodgrass","year":"1980","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025081116154782900_b79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1155\/1989\/124043","article-title":"Semantic dementia: A form of circumscribed cerebral atrophy","volume":"2","author":"Snowden","year":"1989","journal-title":"Behavioural Neurology"},{"key":"2025081116154782900_b80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.09.063","article-title":"Statistical inference and multiple testing correction in classification-based multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA): Random permutations and cluster size control","volume":"65","author":"Stelzer","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025081116154782900_b81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1006\/brln.2000.2353","article-title":"Conceptual structure and the structure of concepts: A distributed account of category-specific deficits","volume":"75","author":"Tyler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025081116154782900_b82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4305","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhx283","article-title":"Organizational principles of abstract words in the human brain","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081116154782900_b83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9868.2005.00532.x","article-title":"Model selection and estimation in regression with grouped variables","volume":"68","author":"Yuan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Statistical Methodology)"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025081116154782900_b84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbx133","article-title":"Systematic bias of correlation coefficient may explain negative accuracy of genomic prediction","volume":"18","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Briefings in Bioinformatics"}],"container-title":["Imaging Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/imag\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1162\/imag_a_00093\/2339381\/imag_a_00093.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/imag\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1162\/imag_a_00093\/2339381\/imag_a_00093.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T20:16:02Z","timestamp":1754943362000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/imag\/article\/doi\/10.1162\/imag_a_00093\/119416\/Representational-similarity-learning-reveals-a"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"references-count":86,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/imag_a_00093","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2022.10.27.514039","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2837-6056"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2837-6056","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"article-number":"imag-2-00093"}}