{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T23:10:38Z","timestamp":1791328238719,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MIT Press","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]],"date-time":"2024-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":165,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Threat learning processes are thought to be foundational to anxiety and fear-related disorders. However, the study of these processes in the human brain has largely focused on specific brain regions, owing partly to the ease of translating between these regions in human and nonhuman animals. Moving beyond analyzing focal regions of interest to whole-brain dynamics and connectivity during threat learning is essential for understanding the neuropathology of fear-related disorders in humans. In this study, 223 participants completed a 2-day Pavlovian threat conditioning paradigm while undergoing fMRI. Participants completed threat acquisition and extinction. Extinction recall was assessed 48 hours later. Using a data-driven group independent component analysis (ICA), we examined large-scale functional connectivity networks during each phase of threat learning. Connectivity networks were tested to see how they responded to conditioned stimuli during early and late phases of threat acquisition and extinction as well as during early trials of extinction recall. A network overlapping with the default mode network involving hippocampus, ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), and posterior cingulate was implicated in threat acquisition and extinction. Another network overlapping with the salience network involving dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), mPFC, and inferior frontal gyrus was implicated both in threat acquisition and in extinction recall. Other networks overlapping with parts of the salience, somatomotor, visual, and frontoparietal networks were involved in the acquisition or in the extinction of learned threat responses. These findings help support the functional cooperation of specific brain regions during threat learning in a model-free fashion while introducing new findings of spatially independent functional connectivity networks during threat and safety learning. Rather than being a single process in a core network of regions, threat learning involves multiple brain networks operating in parallel performing different functions at different timescales. Understanding the nature and interplay of these dynamics will be critical for comprehensive understanding of the multiple processes that may be at play in the neuropathology of anxiety and fear-related disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/imag_a_00213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]],"date-time":"2024-06-14T16:11:03Z","timestamp":1718381463000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Broadening the scope: Multiple functional connectivity networks underlying threat conditioning and extinction"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Cody A.","family":"Cushing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujia","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States"},{"name":"School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China"},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of General Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Institute for General Artificial Intelligence, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine S.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States"},{"name":"Social, Genetic and Development Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, King\u2019s College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan Y.","family":"Bookheimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States"},{"name":"Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard E.","family":"Zinbarg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States"},{"name":"The Family Institute at Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Nusslock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States"},{"name":"Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle G.","family":"Craske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025081117053926000_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e66169","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.66169","article-title":"Computational modeling of threat learning reveals links with anxiety and neuroanatomy in humans","volume":"11","author":"Abend","year":"2022","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2025081117053926000_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2023.103335","article-title":"Association between reward-related functional connectivity and tri-level mood and anxiety symptoms","volume":"37","author":"Anderson","year":"2023","journal-title":"NeuroImage: Clinical"},{"issue":"15","key":"2025081117053926000_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2610","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720001166","article-title":"Salience and central executive networks track overgeneralization of conditioned-fear in post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"51","author":"Berg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025081117053926000_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X0000491X","article-title":"A perceptual-defensive-recuperative model of fear and pain","volume":"3","author":"Bolles","year":"1980","journal-title":"Behavioral and Brain Sciences"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025081117053926000_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2010.04.004","article-title":"Large-scale brain networks in cognition: Emerging methods and principles","volume":"14","author":"Bressler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081117053926000_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20733","article-title":"Development of anxiety: The role of threat appraisal and fear learning","volume":"28","author":"Britton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Depression and Anxiety"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025081117053926000_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.1048","article-title":"A method for making group inferences from functional MRI data using independent component analysis","volume":"14","author":"Calhoun","year":"2001","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"issue":"1, Suppl. 1","key":"2025081117053926000_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.10.057","article-title":"A review of group ICA for fMRI data and ICA for joint inference of imaging, genetic, and ERP data","volume":"45","author":"Calhoun","year":"2009","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2025081117053926000_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.67.2.319","article-title":"Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS\/BAS Scales","volume":"67","author":"Carver","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081117053926000_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"Article 1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-00975-3","article-title":"L-DOPA and consolidation of fear extinction learning among women with posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"10","author":"Cisler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Translational Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025081117053926000_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"Article 9","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3470","article-title":"Multi-task connectivity reveals flexible hubs for adaptive task control","volume":"16","author":"Cole","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025081117053926000_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1006\/cbmr.1996.0014","article-title":"AFNI: Software for analysis and visualization of functional magnetic resonance neuroimages","volume":"29","author":"Cox","year":"1996","journal-title":"Computers and Biomedical Research, an International Journal"},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"2025081117053926000_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1492(199706\/08)10:4\/5<171::AID-NBM453>3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"Software tools for analysis and visualization of fMRI data","volume":"10","author":"Cox","year":"1997","journal-title":"NMR in Biomedicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081117053926000_b14","first-page":"Article 1","article-title":"Anxiety disorders","volume":"3","author":"Craske","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Disease Primers"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081117053926000_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"pgac265","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgac265","article-title":"A generative adversarial model of intrusive imagery in the human brain","volume":"2","author":"Cushing","year":"2023","journal-title":"PNAS Nexus"},{"key":"2025081117053926000_b16","article-title":"A pre-registered decoded neurofeedback intervention for specific phobias","author":"Cushing","year":"2023","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025081117053926000_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.04.031","article-title":"A core system for the implementation of task sets","volume":"50","author":"Dosenbach","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025081117053926000_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.04.010","article-title":"Fear generalization and anxiety: Behavioral and neural mechanisms","volume":"78","author":"Dunsmoor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025081117053926000_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, S. B. G. (1993). Eysenck personality questionnaire-revised. APA PsycTests. https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Ft05461-000","DOI":"10.1037\/t05461-000"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025081117053926000_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"Article 9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-018-0039-7","article-title":"Brain circuit dysfunction in post-traumatic stress disorder: From mouse to man","volume":"19","author":"Fenster","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025081117053926000_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.06.003","article-title":"Amygdala where art thou","volume":"102","author":"Fullana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025081117053926000_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"Article 4","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2015.88","article-title":"Neural signatures of human fear conditioning: An updated and extended meta-analysis of fMRI studies","volume":"21","author":"Fullana","year":"2016","journal-title":"Molecular Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025081117053926000_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2015.00298","article-title":"The role of the medial prefrontal cortex in the conditioning and extinction of fear","volume":"9","author":"Giustino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025081117053926000_b24","first-page":"61","article-title":"The neuropsychology of anxiety: Reprise","volume-title":"Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 1995: Perspectives on anxiety, panic, and fear","author":"Gray","year":"1996"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081117053926000_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1551-6708.1987.tb00862.x","article-title":"Competitive learning: From interactive activation to adaptive resonance","volume":"11","author":"Grossberg","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081117053926000_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s12021-008-9041-y","article-title":"PyMVPA: A python toolbox for multivariate pattern analysis of fMRI data","volume":"7","author":"Hanke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroinformatics"},{"issue":"25","key":"2025081117053926000_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9432","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0551-15.2015","article-title":"Neural processes in the human temporoparietal cortex separated by localized independent component analysis","volume":"35","author":"Igelstrom","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081117053926000_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15151","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15495-2","article-title":"Observer\u2019s anxiety facilitates magnocellular processing of clear facial threat cues, but impairs parvocellular processing of ambiguous facial threat cues","volume":"7","author":"Im","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025081117053926000_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.16030353","article-title":"Using neuroscience to help understand fear and anxiety: A two-system framework","volume":"173","author":"LeDoux","year":"2016","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025081117053926000_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e115551","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115551","article-title":"Optimized brain extraction for pathological brains (optiBET)","volume":"9","author":"Lutkenhoff","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025081117053926000_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.04.008","article-title":"Dynamic competition between large-scale functional networks differentiates fear conditioning and extinction in humans","volume":"134","author":"Marstaller","year":"2016","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025081117053926000_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23442","article-title":"Adaptive contextualization: A new role for the default mode network in affective learning","volume":"38","author":"Marstaller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081117053926000_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25199","article-title":"Salience and default-mode network connectivity during threat and safety processing in older adults","volume":"42","author":"Marstaller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025081117053926000_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.102.3.419","article-title":"Why there are complementary learning systems in the hippocampus and neocortex: Insights from the successes and failures of connectionist models of learning and memory","volume":"102","author":"McClelland","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025081117053926000_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2011.08.003","article-title":"Large-scale brain networks and psychopathology: A unifying triple network model","volume":"15","author":"Menon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"2025081117053926000_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-010-0262-0","article-title":"Saliency, switching, attention and control: A network model of insula function","volume":"214","author":"Menon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Structure & Function"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025081117053926000_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.06.026","article-title":"Neurobiological basis of failure to recall extinction memory in posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"66","author":"Milad","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"issue":"39","key":"2025081117053926000_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12236","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2378-09.2009","article-title":"From threat to fear: The neural organization of defensive fear systems in humans","volume":"29","author":"Mobbs","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"5841","key":"2025081117053926000_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1144298","article-title":"When fear is near: Threat imminence elicits prefrontal-periaqueductal gray shifts in humans","volume":"317","author":"Mobbs","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025081117053926000_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000197","article-title":"A comparison and integration of structural models of depression and anxiety in a clinical sample: Support for and validation of the tri-level model","volume":"125","author":"Naragon-Gainey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"2025081117053926000_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.12.073","article-title":"An evaluation of the efficacy, reliability, and sensitivity of motion correction strategies for resting-state functional MRI","volume":"171","author":"Parkes","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081117053926000_b42","first-page":"102","article-title":"Threat neurocircuitry predicts the development of anxiety and depression symptoms in a longitudinal study","volume":"8","author":"Peng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025081117053926000_b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.106.2.274","article-title":"Differential contribution of amygdala and hippocampus to cued and contextual fear conditioning","volume":"106","author":"Phillips","year":"1992","journal-title":"Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025081117053926000_b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.06.029","article-title":"Common and distinct neural correlates of fear extinction and cognitive reappraisal: A meta-analysis of fMRI studies","volume":"104","author":"Pic\u00f3-P\u00e9rez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"2025081117053926000_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.03.015","article-title":"The role of associative fear and avoidance learning in anxiety disorders: Gaps and directions for future research","volume":"88","author":"Pittig","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025081117053926000_b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.09.006","article-title":"Functional network organization of the human brain","volume":"72","author":"Power","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2025081117053926000_b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.02.064","article-title":"ICA-AROMA: A robust ICA-based strategy for removing motion artifacts from fMRI data","volume":"112","author":"Pruim","year":"2015","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025081117053926000_b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.98.2.676","article-title":"A default mode of brain function","volume":"98","author":"Raichle","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"2025081117053926000_b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00203","article-title":"The impact of anxiety upon cognition: Perspectives from human threat of shock studies","volume":"7","author":"Robinson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025081117053926000_b50","first-page":"417","article-title":"A multivoxel pattern analysis of anhedonia during fear extinction: implications for safety learning","volume":"8","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025081117053926000_b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-008-1642-z","article-title":"The prefrontal cortex and the executive control of attention","volume":"192","author":"Rossi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025081117053926000_b52","first-page":"3095","article-title":"Local-global parcellation of the human cerebral cortex from intrinsic functional connectivity MRI","volume":"28","author":"Schaefer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex (New York, NY)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081117053926000_b53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhr373","article-title":"Interactions between transient and sustained neural signals support the generation and regulation of anxious emotion","volume":"23","author":"Somerville","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2025081117053926000_b54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2023.101216","article-title":"Altered longitudinal trajectory of default mode network connectivity in healthy youth with subclinical depressive and posttraumatic stress symptoms","volume":"60","author":"Son","year":"2023","journal-title":"Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025081117053926000_b55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"Article 5","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3690","article-title":"Contributions and challenges for network models in cognitive neuroscience","volume":"17","author":"Sporns","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"issue":"13","key":"2025081117053926000_b56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3470","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1721572115","article-title":"Towards an unconscious neural reinforcement intervention for common fears","volume":"115","author":"Taschereau-Dumouchel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081117053926000_b57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-072220-014550","article-title":"Real-time functional MRI in the treatment of mental health disorders","volume":"18","author":"Taschereau-Dumouchel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annual Review of Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025081117053926000_b58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01395-5","article-title":"Putting the \u201cmental\u201d back in \u201cmental disorders\u201d: A perspective from research on fear and anxiety","volume":"27","author":"Taschereau-Dumouchel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecular Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081117053926000_b59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.11.054","article-title":"Analysis of a large fMRI cohort: Statistical and methodological issues for group analyses","volume":"35","author":"Thirion","year":"2007","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081117053926000_b60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"Article 1","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3857","article-title":"Salience processing and insular cortical function and dysfunction","volume":"16","author":"Uddin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025081117053926000_b61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4452","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.26391","article-title":"Pattern classification based on the amygdala does not predict an individual\u2019s response to emotional stimuli","volume":"44","author":"Varkevisser","year":"2023","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"issue":"50","key":"2025081117053926000_b62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10278","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0857-21.2021","article-title":"Robust BOLD responses to faces but not to conditioned threat: Challenging the Amygdala\u2019s reputation in human fear and extinction learning","volume":"41","author":"Visser","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"48","key":"2025081117053926000_b63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13923","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1611505113","article-title":"Cortical networks involved in visual awareness independent of visual attention","volume":"113","author":"Webb","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"2025081117053926000_b64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118261","article-title":"Fear extinction learning modulates large-scale brain connectivity","volume":"238","author":"Wen","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"26","key":"2025081117053926000_b65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2204066119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2204066119","article-title":"Temporally and anatomically specific contributions of the human amygdala to threat and safety learning","volume":"119","author":"Wen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025081117053926000_b66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"Article 9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-021-01003-8","article-title":"Dysregulation of threat neurociruitry during fear extinction: The role of anhedonia","volume":"46","author":"Young","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025081117053926000_b67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20438087221112328","DOI":"10.1177\/20438087221112328","article-title":"Starting fear is a stronger predictor of long-term fear than rate of change in fear in human fear conditioning","volume":"13","author":"Zbozinek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychopathology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025081117053926000_b68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2540","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02032-z","article-title":"Reducing default mode network connectivity with mindfulness-based fMRI neurofeedback: A pilot study among adolescents with affective disorder history","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Molecular Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081117053926000_b69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1109\/42.906424","article-title":"Segmentation of brain MR images through a hidden Markov random field model and the expectation-maximization algorithm","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging"},{"key":"2025081117053926000_b70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.10.024","article-title":"Default mode network connectivity of fear- and anxiety-related cue and context conditioning","volume":"165","author":"Zidda","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2025081117053926000_b71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-072220-021010","article-title":"A current learning theory approach to the etiology and course of anxiety and related disorders","volume":"18","author":"Zinbarg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annual Review of Clinical Psychology"}],"container-title":["Imaging Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/imag\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1162\/imag_a_00213\/2460536\/imag_a_00213.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/imag\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1162\/imag_a_00213\/2460536\/imag_a_00213.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T21:05:52Z","timestamp":1754946352000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/imag\/article\/doi\/10.1162\/imag_a_00213\/122335\/Broadening-the-scope-Multiple-functional"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"references-count":71,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/imag_a_00213","relation":{},"ISSN":["2837-6056"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2837-6056","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"article-number":"imag-2-00213"}}