{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T16:03:55Z","timestamp":1777565035259,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"MIT Press","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":196,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Music\u2019s role in modulating brain structure, particularly in neurodegenerative contexts such as Alzheimer\u2019s Disease (AD), has been increasingly recognized. While previous studies have hinted at the potential neuroplastic benefits of musical engagement and training, the mechanisms through which music impacts structural connectivity in neurodegenerative pathways remain underexplored. We aimed to examine the impact of music perception skills, active musical engagement, and musical training on structural connectivity in areas relating to memory, emotion, and learning in individuals with worsening memory impairment, investigating the potential neuroplastic effects of music. Employing diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) based structural connectivity and graph theoretical analysis, we investigated brain topological features in 78 participants aged 42 to 85 with a range of memory impairments. Participants were assessed for musical training, engagement, and perception skills. The study analyzed regional and local network topological metrics to examine the influence of musical activities on graph metrics, while controlling for stages of objective memory impairment (SOMI) and diagnosis, separately. This study aimed to elucidate the effects of musical perception skills, active musical engagement, and musical training on structural connectivity within memory, emotion, and learning-related brain areas in individuals with varying degrees of memory impairment. We found enhanced structural connectivity of the right hippocampus and the right posterior cingulate cortex was associated with stronger local network metrics, such as clustering coefficient and betweenness centrality, with increased music perception skills like melody and beat perception. Musical training specifically impacted the clustering coefficient of the right hippocampus and the node degree of the right mid cingulate gyrus. Active musical engagement influenced the eigenvector centrality of the right hippocampus. Furthermore, musical training was associated with enhanced global metrics, such as global efficiency and characteristic path length. Our study integrates diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and graph theoretical analysis to reveal significant effects of musical activities on structural connectivity in key brain regions. The results highlight the potential of musical activities to serve as a non-invasive modulatory tool for cognitive resilience, especially in memory impairment and neurodegeneration contexts. These insights contribute to the understanding of delaying AD onset and aiding early-stage patients through music-based interventions, emphasizing the importance of musical engagement in maintaining cognitive and brain health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/imag_a_00248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T16:12:27Z","timestamp":1721059947000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The effects of musicality on brain network topology in the context of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and memory decline"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Anna Maria","family":"Matziorinis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Leemans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stavros","family":"Skouras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Birthe Kristin","family":"Flo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Bashevkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Koelsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"2025081117590665700_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww083","article-title":"Thalamic pathology and memory loss in early Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Moving the focus from the medial temporal lobe to Papez circuit","volume":"139","author":"Aggleton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081117590665700_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-017-0283-5","article-title":"On the path to 2025: Understanding the Alzheimer\u2019s disease continuum","volume":"9","author":"Aisen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Research & Therapy"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081117590665700_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-018-0449-9","article-title":"Brain and cognitive correlates of subjective cognitive decline-plus features in a population-based cohort","volume":"10","author":"ALFA Study","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Research & Therapy"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025081117590665700_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13016","article-title":"2023 Alzheimer\u2019s disease facts and figures","volume":"19","author":"Alzheimer\u2019s Association","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s & Dementia"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081117590665700_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11010067","article-title":"Effects of lifelong musicianship on white matter integrity and cognitive brain reserve","volume":"11","author":"Andrews","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Sciences"},{"key":"2025081117590665700_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00713","article-title":"Art and science: How musical training shapes the brain","volume":"4","author":"Barrett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"2025081117590665700_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.783","article-title":"Diffusion-tensor MRI: Theory, experimental design and data analysis\u2014A technical review","volume":"15","author":"Basser","year":"2002","journal-title":"NMR in Biomedicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081117590665700_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(94)80775-1","article-title":"MR diffusion tensor spectroscopy and imaging","volume":"66","author":"Basser","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biophysical Journal"},{"key":"2025081117590665700_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2022.102326","article-title":"The hearing hippocampus","volume":"218","author":"Billig","year":"2022","journal-title":"Progress in Neurobiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081117590665700_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-023-01214-9","article-title":"The effect of music therapy on cognitive functions in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"15","author":"Bleibel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Research & Therapy"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081117590665700_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1440.011","article-title":"The brain\u2019s default network: Anatomy, function, and relevance to disease","volume":"1124","author":"Buckner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025081117590665700_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1080\/01688638408401233","article-title":"Cued recall in amnesia","volume":"6","author":"Buschke","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025081117590665700_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2020.0744","article-title":"An echo of consciousness: Brain function during preferred music","volume":"10","author":"Carri\u00e8re","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Connectivity"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081117590665700_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14854","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-71855-5","article-title":"Personal familiarity of music and its cerebral effect on subsequent speech processing","volume":"10","author":"Castro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081117590665700_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11010050","article-title":"Musical training and brain volume in older adults","volume":"11","author":"Chaddock-Heyman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025081117590665700_b16","first-page":"155","article-title":"Neural plasticity: The substratum of music-based interventions in neurorehabilitation","volume":"48","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081117590665700_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.26054","article-title":"Long-term musical training induces white matter plasticity in emotion and language networks","volume":"44","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"2025081117590665700_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-92255-3","volume-title":"Multiplex networks: Basic formalism and structural properties","author":"Cozzo","year":"2018"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025081117590665700_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.09.005","article-title":"Music, memory, and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Is music recognition spared in dementia, and how can it be assessed","volume":"64","author":"Cuddy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Medical Hypotheses"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081117590665700_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12617","article-title":"Preservation of musical memory and engagement in healthy aging and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"1337","author":"Cuddy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081117590665700_b21","first-page":"e12179","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease drug development pipeline: 2021","volume":"7","author":"Cummings","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s & Dementia: Translational Research & Clinical Interventions"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025081117590665700_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.01.021","article-title":"An automated labeling system for subdividing the human cerebral cortex on MRI scans into gyral based regions of interest","volume":"31","author":"Desikan","year":"2006","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081117590665700_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.akcej.2015.06.001","article-title":"Global efficiency of graphs","volume":"12","author":"Ek","year":"2015","journal-title":"AKCE International Journal of Graphs and Combinatorics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081117590665700_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1080\/03601277.2010.515897","article-title":"Music enhances autobiographical memory in mild Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"38","author":"El Haj","year":"2012","journal-title":"Educational Gerontology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081117590665700_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-017-0073-9","article-title":"Music therapy is a potential intervention for cognition of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A mini-review","volume":"6","author":"Fang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Translational Neurodegeneration"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081117590665700_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhg087","article-title":"Automatically parcellating the human cerebral cortex","volume":"14","author":"Fischl","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025081117590665700_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","article-title":"\u201cMini-mental state\u201d. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician","volume":"12","author":"Folstein","year":"1975","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatric Research"},{"key":"2025081117590665700_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.04.087","article-title":"Graph analysis of the human connectome: Promise, progress, and pitfalls","volume":"80","author":"Fornito","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025081117590665700_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7668","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15494","article-title":"Going round in circles\u2014The Papez circuit in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"54","author":"Forno","year":"2021","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025081117590665700_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2014.09.003","article-title":"The role of the medial temporal limbic system in processing emotions in voice and music","volume":"123","author":"Fr\u00fchholz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Progress in Neurobiology"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025081117590665700_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2017.1348474","article-title":"The effect of music therapy on cognitive functions in patients with dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Fusar-Poli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aging and Mental Health"},{"issue":"27","key":"2025081117590665700_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9240","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-27-09240.2003","article-title":"Brain structures differ between musicians and non-musicians","volume":"23","author":"Gaser","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025081117590665700_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160359","article-title":"Music perception in dementia","volume":"55","author":"Golden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025081117590665700_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-018-3507-y","article-title":"Free and cued selective reminding test predicts progression to Alzheimer\u2019s disease in people with mild cognitive impairment","volume":"39","author":"Grande","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurological Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081117590665700_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/87565648709540361","article-title":"Genuine memory deficits in dementia","volume":"3","author":"Grober","year":"1987","journal-title":"Developmental Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"22","key":"2025081117590665700_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2279","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000207276","article-title":"Association of stages of objective memory impairment with incident symptomatic cognitive impairment in cognitively normal individuals","volume":"100","author":"Grober","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081117590665700_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-200946","article-title":"Stages of objective memory impairment predict Alzheimer\u2019s disease neuropathology: Comparison with the clinical dementia rating scale-sum of boxes","volume":"80","author":"Grober","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: JAD"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025081117590665700_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0b013e3181cfc78b","article-title":"Free and cued selective reminding identifies very mild dementia in primary care","volume":"24","author":"Grober","year":"2010","journal-title":"Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders"},{"key":"2025081117590665700_b39","first-page":"161","article-title":"Temporal unfolding of declining episodic memory on the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test in the predementia phase of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Implications for clinical trials","volume":"10","author":"Grober","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s and Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment and Disease Monitoring"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025081117590665700_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-180474","article-title":"Preservation of musical memory throughout the progression of Alzheimer\u2019s disease? Toward a reconciliation of theoretical, clinical, and neuroimaging evidence","volume":"68","author":"Groussard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025081117590665700_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13225","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013225","article-title":"When music and long-term memory interact: Effects of musical expertise on functional and structural plasticity in the hippocampus","volume":"5","author":"Groussard","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025081117590665700_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2020.102407","article-title":"Resting-state functional connectivity and amyloid burden influence longitudinal cortical thinning in the default mode network in preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"28","author":"Hampton","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroImage: Clinical"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025081117590665700_b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4513-09.2010","article-title":"Musical training induces functional plasticity in human hippocampus","volume":"30","author":"Herdener","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025081117590665700_b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3019","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5118-08.2009","article-title":"Musical training shapes structural brain development","volume":"29","author":"Hyde","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025081117590665700_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21485","article-title":"Hippocampal contributions to the processing of social emotions","volume":"34","author":"Immordino-Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025081117590665700_b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10081462","article-title":"The effect of music-based intervention on general cognitive and executive functions, and episodic memory in people with mild cognitive impairment and dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of recent randomized controlled trials","volume":"10","author":"Ito","year":"2022","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025081117590665700_b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2438","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv135","article-title":"Why musical memory can be preserved in advanced Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"138","author":"Jacobsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081117590665700_b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-020-01761-y","article-title":"Train the brain with music (TBM): Brain plasticity and cognitive benefits induced by musical training in elderly people in Germany and Switzerland, a study protocol for an RCT comparing musical instrumental practice to sensitization to music","volume":"20","author":"James","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Geriatrics"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025081117590665700_b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2579","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp008","article-title":"The neural architecture of music-evoked autobiographical memories","volume":"19","author":"Janata","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2025081117590665700_b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3410\/B1-78","article-title":"Music drives brain plasticity","volume":"1","author":"J\u00e4ncke","year":"2009","journal-title":"F1000 Biology Reports"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025081117590665700_b52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12674","article-title":"Subjective cognitive decline and stage 2 of Alzheimer disease in patients from memory centers","volume":"19","author":"Jessen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s & Dementia"},{"key":"2025081117590665700_b53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-62630-1.00037-8","article-title":"Hearing and music in dementia","volume":"129","author":"Johnson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurology"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025081117590665700_b54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.1543","article-title":"Twenty-five pitfalls in the analysis of diffusion MRI data","volume":"23","author":"Jones","year":"2010","journal-title":"NMR in Biomedicine"},{"key":"2025081117590665700_b55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817889","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.817889","article-title":"Six months of piano training in healthy elderly stabilizes white matter microstructure in the fornix, compared to an Active Control Group","volume":"14","author":"J\u00fcnemann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025081117590665700_b56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a018812","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a018812","article-title":"Neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus","volume":"7","author":"Kempermann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology"},{"key":"2025081117590665700_b57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2011.00110","article-title":"Toward a neural basis of music perception\u2014A review and updated model","volume":"2","author":"Koelsch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025081117590665700_b58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3666","article-title":"Brain correlates of music-evoked emotions","volume":"15","author":"Koelsch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025081117590665700_b59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117350","article-title":"A coordinate-based meta-analysis of music-evoked emotions","volume":"223","author":"Koelsch","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081117590665700_b60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7427(02)00021-7","article-title":"Experience-dependent changes in dendritic arbor and spine density in neocortex vary qualitatively with age and sex","volume":"79","author":"Kolb","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025081117590665700_b61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e52508","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052508","article-title":"Assessing musical abilities objectively: Construction and validation of the profile of music perception skills","volume":"7","author":"Law","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025081117590665700_b62","first-page":"3537","article-title":"ExploreDTI: A graphical toolbox for processing, analyzing, and visualizing diffusion MR data","volume-title":"Proc Intl Soc Mag Reson Med","author":"Leemans","year":"2009"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025081117590665700_b63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21890","article-title":"The B-matrix must be rotated when correcting for subject motion in DTI data","volume":"61","author":"Leemans","year":"2009","journal-title":"Magnetic Resonance in Medicine"},{"key":"2025081117590665700_b64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00132","article-title":"Music intervention approaches for Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A review of the literature","volume":"13","author":"Leggieri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroscience"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025081117590665700_b65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acu031","article-title":"The free and cued selective reminding test distinguishes frontotemporal dementia from Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"29","author":"Lemos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025081117590665700_b66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2098","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23989","article-title":"Musical training induces functional and structural auditory-motor network plasticity in young adults","volume":"39","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025081117590665700_b67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.3390\/math10030349","article-title":"The effect of music listening on EEG functional connectivity of brain: A short-duration and long-duration study","volume":"10","author":"Mahmood","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mathematics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025081117590665700_b68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2023.100166","article-title":"Music interventions in 132 healthy older adults enhance cerebellar grey matter and auditory working memory, despite general brain atrophy","volume":"3","author":"Marie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroimage: Reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081117590665700_b69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170604","article-title":"Comparison between FCSRT and LASSI-L to detect early stage Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"61","author":"Matias-Guiu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025081117590665700_b70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-022-02602-x","article-title":"Is musical engagement enough to keep the brain young","volume":"228","author":"Matziorinis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Structure and Function"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081117590665700_b71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14864","article-title":"The promise of music therapy for Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A review","volume":"1516","author":"Matziorinis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025081117590665700_b72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-014-1360-0","article-title":"Music and the nucleus accumbens","volume":"37","author":"Mavridis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081117590665700_b73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.05.053","article-title":"The rewards of music listening: Response and physiological connectivity of the mesolimbic system","volume":"28","author":"Menon","year":"2005","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"2025081117590665700_b74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1159\/000493463","article-title":"The validity of the norwegian version of the cognitive function instrument","volume":"46","author":"Michelet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders"},{"key":"2025081117590665700_b75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2013.00279","article-title":"How musical training affects cognitive development: Rhythm, reward and other modulating variables","volume":"7","author":"Miendlarzewska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025081117590665700_b76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1590\/1980-57642018dn12-020005","article-title":"Can musical intervention improve memory in Alzheimer\u2019s patients? Evidence from a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Moreira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dementia e Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2025081117590665700_b77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.00160","article-title":"Music therapy in the treatment of dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Moreno-Morales","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Medicine"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025081117590665700_b78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.39.9.1159","article-title":"The consortium to establish a registry for Alzheimer\u2019s disease (CERAD). Part I. Clinical and neuropsychological assessment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"39","author":"Morris","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025081117590665700_b79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e89642","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089642","article-title":"The musicality of non-musicians: An index for assessing musical sophistication in the general population","volume":"9","author":"M\u00fcllensiefen","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025081117590665700_b80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn843","article-title":"The musician\u2019s brain as a model of neuroplasticity","volume":"3","author":"M\u00fcnte","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025081117590665700_b81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630829","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.630829","article-title":"How musical training shapes the adult brain: Predispositions and neuroplasticity","volume":"15","author":"Olszewska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025081117590665700_b82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23931","article-title":"Mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer disease in the community","volume":"74","author":"Petersen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081117590665700_b83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1177\/0305735619843993","article-title":"Musical and cognitive abilities in older adults with mild cognitive impairment","volume":"49","author":"Petrovsky","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychology of Music"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081117590665700_b84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-019-0917-z","article-title":"Defining cognitive reserve and implications for cognitive aging","volume":"19","author":"Pettigrew","year":"2019","journal-title":"Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025081117590665700_b85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6093","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15407","article-title":"Structural connectivity predicts sequential processing differences in music perception ability","volume":"54","author":"Rajan","year":"2021","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025081117590665700_b86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-132027","article-title":"The subjective cognitive decline questionnaire (SCD-Q): A validation study","volume":"41","author":"Rami","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"},{"key":"2025081117590665700_b121","author":"Reitan","year":"1974","journal-title":"Clinical neuropsychology: Current status and applications"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025081117590665700_b87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci8060107","article-title":"Brain connectivity networks and the aesthetic experience of music","volume":"8","author":"Reybrouck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Sciences"},{"key":"2025081117590665700_b88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764342","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.764342","article-title":"Musical sophistication and speech auditory-motor coupling: Easy tests for quick answers","volume":"15","author":"Rimmele","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroscience"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025081117590665700_b89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-8841-8","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of finger tapping characteristics in mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer\u2019s disease, and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"265","author":"Roalf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025081117590665700_b90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1590\/S1980-57642010DN40400005","article-title":"Musical training, neuroplasticity and cognition","volume":"4","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dementia & Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025081117590665700_b91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207957","article-title":"Musical practice as an enhancer of cognitive function in healthy aging\u2014A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Rom\u00e1n-Caballero","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025081117590665700_b92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0253053","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0253053","article-title":"Musical instrument engagement across the life course and episodic memory in late life: An analysis of 60 years of longitudinal data from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study","volume":"16","author":"Romeiser","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025081117590665700_b93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.10.003","article-title":"Complex network measures of brain connectivity: Uses and interpretations","volume":"52","author":"Rubinov","year":"2010","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2025081117590665700_b94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205920432211358","DOI":"10.1177\/20592043221135808","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of music-based interventions on the stress response and neuroinflammatory biomarkers in COVID-19: A review","volume":"6","author":"Saifman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Music & Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025081117590665700_b95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2017.03.006","article-title":"Cognitive, emotional, and neural benefits of musical leisure activities in aging and neurological rehabilitation: A critical review","volume":"61","author":"S\u00e4rk\u00e4m\u00f6","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine"},{"key":"2025081117590665700_b96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00103","article-title":"Editorial: Music, brain, and rehabilitation: Emerging therapeutic applications and potential neural mechanisms","volume":"10","author":"S\u00e4rk\u00e4m\u00f6","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025081117590665700_b97","first-page":"37","article-title":"Musicians and music making as a model for the study of brain plasticity","volume-title":"Progress in Brain Research","author":"Schlaug","year":"2015"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025081117590665700_b98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2006.06.008","article-title":"Mini-mental status examination: A short form of MMSE was as accurate as the original MMSE in predicting dementia","volume":"60","author":"Schultz-Larsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025081117590665700_b99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.12260","article-title":"Early failure of the default-mode network and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"20","author":"Simic","year":"2014","journal-title":"CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics"},{"key":"2025081117590665700_b100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2011.00113","article-title":"Can you hear me now? Musical training shapes functional brain networks for selective auditory attention and hearing speech in noise","volume":"2","author":"Strait","year":"2011","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"2025081117590665700_b101","article-title":"Norwegian revised mini mental status evaluation. Revised and expanded manual","volume":"200","author":"Strobel","year":"2008","journal-title":"National Center for Aging and Health, Oslo"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025081117590665700_b102","first-page":"122","article-title":"Assessment of finger motor function that reflects the severity of cognitive function","volume":"7","author":"Suzumura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fujita Medical Journal"},{"issue":"0","key":"2025081117590665700_b103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.11336\/jjcrs.7.19","article-title":"Assessment of finger motor skills in individuals with mild cognitive impairment and patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Relationship between finger-to-thumb tapping and cognitive function","volume":"7","author":"Suzumura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Japanese Journal of Comprehensive Rehabilitation Science"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025081117590665700_b104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2016.12.014","article-title":"Free and cued selective reminding test\u2014Accuracy for the differential diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s and neurodegenerative diseases: A large-scale biomarker-characterized monocenter cohort study (ClinAD)","volume":"13","author":"Teichmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s & Dementia"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081117590665700_b105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0978","article-title":"Automated anatomical labeling of activations in SPM using a macroscopic anatomical parcellation of the MNI MRI single-subject brain","volume":"15","author":"Tzourio-Mazoyer","year":"2002","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"23","key":"2025081117590665700_b106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7619","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1443-09.2009","article-title":"Efficiency of functional brain networks and intellectual performance","volume":"29","author":"Van Den Heuvel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081117590665700_b107","article-title":"Is intracranial volume a suitable proxy for brain reserve","volume":"10","author":"Van Loenhoud","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Research & Therapy"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025081117590665700_b108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/alzrt47","article-title":"Role of structural MRI in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"2","author":"Vemuri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Research & Therapy"},{"key":"2025081117590665700_b109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.05.028","article-title":"Weighted linear least squares estimation of diffusion MRI parameters: Strengths, limitations, and pitfalls","volume":"81","author":"Veraart","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025081117590665700_b110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv029","article-title":"Prevalence and prognosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease at the mild cognitive impairment stage","volume":"138","author":"Vos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025081117590665700_b111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858410377805","article-title":"Music making as a tool for promoting brain plasticity across the life span","volume":"16","author":"Wan","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Neuroscientist"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081117590665700_b112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-023-04281-1","article-title":"Cognitive and behavioral abnormalities in individuals with Alzheimer\u2019s disease, mild cognitive impairment, and subjective memory complaints","volume":"43","author":"Warren","year":"2024","journal-title":"Current Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081117590665700_b113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.08.024","article-title":"Memory of music: Roles of right hippocampus and left inferior frontal gyrus","volume":"39","author":"Watanabe","year":"2008","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025081117590665700_b114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2010.04.020","article-title":"The role of the human hippocampus in familiarity-based and recollection-based recognition memory","volume":"215","author":"Wixted","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behavioural Brain Research"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025081117590665700_b115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2040","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.16031","article-title":"Fine motor control improves in older adults after 1 year of piano lessons: Analysis of individual development and its coupling with cognition and brain structure","volume":"57","author":"Worschech","year":"2023","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025081117590665700_b116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00118","article-title":"Changes in centrality frequency of the default mode network in individuals with subjective cognitive decline","volume":"11","author":"Xie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081117590665700_b117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-023-01187-9","article-title":"Brain reserve contributes to distinguishing preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s stages 1 and 2","volume":"15","author":"Yildirim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Research & Therapy"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025081117590665700_b118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13410","article-title":"Assessing musical ability quickly and objectively: Development and validation of the Short-PROMS and the Mini-PROMS","volume":"1400","author":"Zentner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"}],"container-title":["Imaging Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/imag\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1162\/imag_a_00248\/2464247\/imag_a_00248.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/imag\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1162\/imag_a_00248\/2464247\/imag_a_00248.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T21:59:29Z","timestamp":1754949569000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/imag\/article\/doi\/10.1162\/imag_a_00248\/123634\/The-effects-of-musicality-on-brain-network"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"references-count":118,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/imag_a_00248","relation":{},"ISSN":["2837-6056"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2837-6056","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"article-number":"imag-2-00248"}}