{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T04:01:25Z","timestamp":1772164885798,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"MIT Press","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]],"date-time":"2024-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":270,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Over three hundred million children live in environments of extreme poverty, and the biological and psychosocial hazards endemic to these environments often expose these children to infection, disease, and inflammatory responses. Chronic inflammation in early childhood has been associated with diminished cognitive outcomes, and despite this established relationship, the mechanisms explaining how inflammation affects brain development are not well known. Importantly, the prevalence of chronic inflammation in areas of extreme poverty raises the possibility that it may also serve as a mechanism explaining the known relationship between low socioeconomic status (SES) and altered brain development. To examine these potential pathways, seventy-nine children growing up in an extremely poor, urban area of Bangladesh underwent MRI scanning at 6 years of age. Structural brain images were submitted to Mindboggle software, a Docker-compliant and high-reproducibility tool for regional estimations of volume, surface area, cortical thickness, sulcal depth, and mean curvature. C-reactive protein was assayed at eight time points between infancy and 5 years of age, and the frequency with which children had elevated concentrations of inflammatory marker represented the measure of chronic inflammation. Childhood SES was measured with maternal education and income-to-needs (i.e., monthly household income divided by the number of household members). Chronic inflammation predicted volume in bilateral basal ganglia structures and mediated the link between maternal education and bilateral putamen volumes. These findings suggest that chronic inflammation is associated with brain morphometry in the basal ganglia, predominantly the putamen, and further offers inflammation as a potential mechanism linking SES to brain development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/imag_a_00319","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]],"date-time":"2024-09-27T16:47:20Z","timestamp":1727455640000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Brain morphometry and chronic inflammation in Bangladeshi children growing up in extreme poverty"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Ted K.","family":"Turesky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, MA, United States"},{"name":"Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Pirazzoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Talat","family":"Shama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shahria Hafiz","family":"Kakon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rashidul","family":"Haque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nazrul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Neuroscience and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amala","family":"Someshwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Borjan","family":"Gagoski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William A.","family":"Petri Jr.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles A.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, MA, United States"},{"name":"Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nadine","family":"Gaab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, MA, United States"},{"name":"Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025081118590210700_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.49.1.15","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and health: The challenge of the gradient","volume":"49","author":"Adler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am Psychologist"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(90)90107-L","article-title":"Functional architecture of basal ganglia circuits: Neural substrates of parallel processing","volume":"13","author":"Alexander","year":"1990","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e73107","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073107","article-title":"Systemic inflammation in non-demented elderly human subjects: Brain microstructure and cognition","volume":"8","author":"Arfanakis","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3109\/00207450903315727","article-title":"Cranial magnetic resonance imaging findings in Kwashiorkor","volume":"120","author":"Atalabi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2021.101041","article-title":"Systemic inflammation during the first year of life is associated with brain functional connectivity and future cognitive outcomes","volume":"53","author":"Bach","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"J R Stat"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20459","article-title":"Microglial control of neuronal death and synaptic properties","volume":"55","author":"Bessis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12344","article-title":"Effect of socioeconomic status (SES) disparity on neural development in female African-American infants at age 1 month","volume":"19","author":"Betancourt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev Sci"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S12","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-2828D","article-title":"Neurodevelopment, nutrition, and inflammation: The evolving global child health landscape","volume":"139","author":"Bhutta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/62.7.723","article-title":"Subpial demyelination in the cerebral cortex of multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"62","author":"B\u00f8","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2012.09.004","article-title":"The inflammatory response in sepsis","volume":"34","author":"Bosmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2016.03.004","article-title":"Associations among family socioeconomic status, EEG power at birth, and cognitive skills during infancy","volume":"19","author":"Brito","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2014.00276","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and structural brain development","volume":"8","author":"Brito","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2011.09.006","article-title":"Exposure to severe urban air pollution influences cognitive outcomes, brain volume and systemic inflammation in clinically healthy children","volume":"77","author":"Calder\u00f3n-Garcidue\u00f1as","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Cogn"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2384","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301362","article-title":"Basal ganglia hypermetabolism and symptoms of fatigue during interferon-\u03b1 therapy","volume":"32","author":"Capuron","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.2094","article-title":"Dopaminergic mechanisms of reduced basal ganglia responses to hedonic reward during interferon alfa administration","volume":"69","author":"Capuron","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.06.009","article-title":"Science has a racism problem","volume":"181","author":"Cell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2120","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2019.6963","article-title":"Systemic inflammation persists the first year after mild traumatic brain injury: Results from the prospective trondheim mild traumatic brain injury study","volume":"37","author":"Chaban","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.21329","article-title":"Early adversity, neural development, and inflammation","volume":"57","author":"Chiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dev Psychobiol"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61620-7","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis","volume":"372","author":"Compston","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.06.048","article-title":"High-frequency repetitive TMS for suicidal ideation in adolescents with depression","volume":"239","author":"Croarkin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22327","article-title":"A study of cortical morphology in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders","volume":"35","author":"De Guio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b23","first-page":"5","article-title":"Acta Paediatr","volume":"95","author":"de Onis","year":"2006"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265040251S104","article-title":"The WHO multicentre growth reference study (MGRS): Rationale, planning, and implementation","volume":"25","author":"de Onis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Food Nutr Bull"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-020711-075041","article-title":"Brain-reactive antibodies and disease","volume":"31","author":"Diamond","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006363","article-title":"Role of maternal health and infant inflammation in nutritional and neurodevelopmental outcomes of two-year-old Bangladeshi children","volume":"12","author":"Donowitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06723-X","article-title":"Intrauterine T-cell activation and increased proinflammatory cytokine concentrations in preterm infants with cerebral lesions","volume":"358","author":"Duggan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010416-044224","article-title":"Moving beyond correlations in assessing the consequences of poverty","volume":"68","author":"Duncan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b29","first-page":"738","article-title":"Cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) changes in severely malnourished children before and after treatment","volume":"9","author":"El-Sherif","year":"2012","journal-title":"Life Sci J"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-018-0235-4","article-title":"fMRIPrep: A robust preprocessing pipeline for functional MRI","volume":"16","author":"Esteban","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.08.034","article-title":"The neuroscience of socioeconomic status: Correlates, causes, and consequences","volume":"96","author":"Farah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-018-0023-2","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and the brain: Prospects for neuroscience-informed policy","volume":"19","author":"Farah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22489","article-title":"Systemic inflammation disrupts the developmental program of white matter","volume":"70","author":"Favrais","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00569-X","article-title":"Whole brain segmentation: Automated labeling of neuroanatomical structures in the human brain","volume":"33","author":"Fischl","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21436","article-title":"Gray matter atrophy in multiple sclerosis: A longitudinal study","volume":"64","author":"Fisher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2886-4","article-title":"Gut-educated IgA plasma cells defend the meningeal venous sinuses","volume":"587","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2020.100807","article-title":"Improving practices and inferences in developmental cognitive neuroscience","volume":"45","author":"Flournoy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1373\/49.8.1353","article-title":"C-reactive protein concentration distribution among US children and young adults: Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999\u20132000","volume":"49","author":"Ford","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00011.2017","article-title":"Neuronal cell death","volume":"98","author":"Fricker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2002.00928.x","article-title":"Microglial activation-mediated delayed and progressive degeneration of rat nigral dopaminergic neurons: Relevance to Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"81","author":"Gao","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhs191","article-title":"Inflammatory pathways link socioeconomic inequalities to white matter architecture","volume":"23","author":"Gianaros","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2014464118","article-title":"Impact of prenatal maternal cytokine exposure on sex differences in brain circuitry regulating stress in offspring 45 years later","volume":"118","author":"Goldstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2015.09.006","article-title":"Implications of newborn amygdala connectivity for fear and cognitive development at 6-months-of-age","volume":"18","author":"Graham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.05.027","article-title":"Maternal systemic interleukin-6 during pregnancy is associated with newborn amygdala phenotypes and subsequent behavior at 2 years of age","volume":"83","author":"Graham","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60032-4","article-title":"Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries","volume":"369","author":"Grantham-McGregor","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.67.8.1030","article-title":"Reversible cerebral shrinkage in kwashiorkor: An MRI study","volume":"67","author":"Gunston","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.1475","article-title":"Association of child poverty, brain development, and academic achievement","volume":"169","author":"Hair","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1203\/01.PDR.0000182592.76702.E8","article-title":"Circulating interferon-gamma and white matter brain damage in preterm infants","volume":"58","author":"Hansen-Pupp","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e80954","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080954","article-title":"Family poverty affects the rate of human infant brain growth","volume":"8","author":"Hanson","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1080\/00207450600934945","article-title":"The myelination process in severely malnourished children: MRI findings","volume":"117","author":"Hazin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b51","first-page":"231","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and parenting","volume-title":"Handbook of parenting: Biology and ecology of parenting","author":"Hoff","year":"2002"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000024222.06463.21","article-title":"Elevated serum C-reactive protein levels and early arterial changes in healthy children","volume":"22","author":"J\u00e4rvisalo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000257815.20548.df","article-title":"Inflammatory biomarkers are associated with total brain volume. The Framingham Heart Study","volume":"68","author":"Jefferson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(17)30024-X","article-title":"Effects of poverty on interacting biological systems underlying child development","volume":"1","author":"Jensen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39242-x","article-title":"Neural correlates of early adversity among Bangladeshi infants","volume":"9","author":"Jensen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0215304","article-title":"Child development in the context of biological and psychosocial hazards among poor families in Bangladesh","volume":"14","author":"Jensen","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2018.06.008","article-title":"The impact of systemic inflammation on neurodevelopment","volume":"24","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0083","article-title":"Early life inflammation and neurodevelopmental outcome in Bangladeshi infants growing up in adversity","volume":"97","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hygiene"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-14-50","article-title":"Febrile illness and pro-inflammatory cytokines are associated with lower neurodevelopmental scores in Bangladeshi infants living in poverty","volume":"14","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S59","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-2828H","article-title":"Neurodevelopment: The impact of nutrition and inflammation during early to middle childhood in low-resource settings","volume":"139","author":"John","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(99)00067-X","article-title":"Effect of single intracerebroventricular injection of a-interferon on monoamine concentrations in the rat brain","volume":"10","author":"Kamata","year":"2000","journal-title":"European Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1005350","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005350","article-title":"Mindboggling morphometry of human brains","volume":"13","author":"Klein","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2012.00171","article-title":"101 labeled brain images and a consistent human cortical labeling protocol","volume":"6","author":"Klein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b64","first-page":"15","article-title":"Neuroimaging (MRI) in children with microcephaly and severe acute malnutrition","volume":"2","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Med Pediatr Oncol"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-2828C","article-title":"Executive summary: Research gaps at the intersection of pediatric neurodevelopment, nutrition, and inflammation in low-resource settings","volume":"139","author":"Kutlesic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12096","article-title":"Associations between children\u2019s socioeconomic status and prefrontal cortical thickness","volume":"16","author":"Lawson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev Sci"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.12.004","article-title":"Prepartum and postpartum maternal depressive symptoms are related to children\u2019s brain structure in preschool","volume":"80","author":"Lebel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhi089","article-title":"Motor control in basal ganglia circuits using fMRI and brain atlas approaches","volume":"16","author":"Leh\u00e9ricy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cerebl Cortex"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980018003282","article-title":"Brain MRI and cognitive function seven years after surviving an episode of severe acute malnutrition in a cohort of Malawian children","volume":"22","author":"Lelijveld","year":"2019","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2013.3139","article-title":"The effects of poverty on childhood brain development: The mediating effect of caregiving and stressful life events","volume":"167","author":"Luby","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797615572233","article-title":"Neuroanatomical correlates of the income-achievement gap","volume":"26","author":"Mackey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.04.016","article-title":"Interleukin-6 covaries inversely with hippocampal grey matter volume in middle-aged adults","volume":"64","author":"Marsland","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1808-18.2018","article-title":"Longitudinally mapping childhood socioeconomic status associations with cortical and subcortical morphology","volume":"39","author":"McDermott","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.08.016","article-title":"Widespread reductions in cortical thickness following severe early-life deprivation: A neurodevelopmental pathway to attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"76","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13239","article-title":"Socioeconomic disparities in language input are associated with children\u2019s language-related brain structure and reading skills","volume":"91","author":"Merz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.05.024","article-title":"Socioeconomic disparities in chronic physiologic stress are associated with brain structure in children","volume":"86","author":"Merz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2017.1326122","article-title":"Socioeconomic status, amygdala volume, and internalizing symptoms in children and adolescents","volume":"47","author":"Merz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.05.043","article-title":"Childhood growth and neurocognition are associated with distinct sets of metabolites article","volume":"44","author":"Moreau","year":"2019","journal-title":"EbioMedicine"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2015.09.036","article-title":"Environmental enteropathy, oral vaccine failure and growth faltering in infants in Bangladesh","volume":"2","author":"Naylor","year":"2015","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.09.027","article-title":"Hazards to early development: The biological embedding of early life adversity","volume":"96","author":"Nelson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3983","article-title":"Family income, parental education and brain structure in children and adolescents","volume":"18","author":"Noble","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2012.01147.x","article-title":"Neural correlates of socioeconomic status in the developing human brain","volume":"15","author":"Noble","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev Sci"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.03.968","article-title":"Higher peripheral inflammatory signaling associated with lower resting-state functional brain connectivity in emotion regulation and central executive networks","volume":"86","author":"Nusslock","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.05.017","article-title":"Early-life adversity and physical and emotional health across the lifespan: A neuroimmune network hypothesis","volume":"80","author":"Nusslock","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2021.1879766","article-title":"Neural correlates of socioeconomic status in early childhood: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"27","author":"Olson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-018-0581-1","article-title":"Neuroimaging findings in sepsis-induced brain dysfunction: Association with clinical and laboratory findings","volume":"30","author":"Orhun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-019-00759-8","article-title":"Brain volume changes in patients with acute brain dysfunction due to sepsis","volume":"32","author":"Orhun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000054482.38437.13","article-title":"American Heart Association guide for improving cardiovascular health at the community level: A statement for public health practitioners, healthcare providers, and health policy makers from the American Heart Association expert panel on population and prevention science","volume":"107","author":"Pearson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318214332c","article-title":"Neuromyelitis optica unique area postrema lesions: Nausea, vomiting, and pathogenic implications","volume":"76","author":"Popescu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.08.034","article-title":"Grey matter loss in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: A voxel-based morphometry study","volume":"29","author":"Prinster","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.10.017","article-title":"Hippocampal changes associated with early-life adversity and vulnerability to depression","volume":"67","author":"Rao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2013.75","article-title":"High sensitivity C-reactive protein concentrations, birthweight and cardiovascular risk markers in Brazilian children","volume":"67","author":"Rond\u00f3","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0128-y","article-title":"Maternal IL-6 during pregnancy can be estimated from newborn brain connectivity and predicts future working memory in offspring","volume":"21","author":"Rudolph","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e105017","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105017","article-title":"The immune system in children with malnutrition - A systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Rytter","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b95","first-page":"1","article-title":"Systemic inflammation and the brain: Novel roles of genetic, molecular, and environmental cues as drivers of neurodegeneration","volume":"9","author":"Sankowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S26","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2014.132","article-title":"C-reactive protein reference percentiles among pre-adolescent children in Europe based on the IDEFICS study population","volume":"38","author":"Schlenz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/cc2951","article-title":"Science review: The brain in sepsis\u2014Culprit and victim","volume":"9","author":"Sharshar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12927","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1200041109","article-title":"Variation in neural development as a result of exposure to institutionalization early in childhood","volume":"109","author":"Sheridan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2014.09.001","article-title":"Dimensions of early experience and neural development: Deprivation and threat","volume":"18","author":"Sheridan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.11.001","article-title":"Comparison of cortical folding measures for evaluation of developing human brain","volume":"125","author":"Shimony","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(96)01371-6","article-title":"Repeated interferon-alpha administration inhibits dopaminergic neural activity in the mouse brain","volume":"747","author":"Shuto","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a020602","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a020602","article-title":"Central nervous system regenerative failure","volume":"7","author":"Silver","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2019.1648641","article-title":"Prenatal socioeconomic status and social support are associated with neonatal brain morphology, toddler language and psychiatric symptoms","volume":"26","author":"Spann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-018-0174-y","article-title":"Relationship between white matter integrity and serum inflammatory cytokine levels in drug-naive patients with major depressive disorder: Diffusion tensor imaging study using tract-based spatial statistics","volume":"8","author":"Sugimoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2024.106072","article-title":"Examining the relationship between psychosocial adversity and inhibitory control: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of children growing up in extreme poverty","volume":"249","author":"Surani","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Exp Child Psychol"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e564","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.6.e564","article-title":"Plasma C-reactive protein levels among children with sleep-disordered breathing","volume":"113","author":"Tauman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.2018-0101","article-title":"Use of C-reactive protein and ferritin biomarkers in daily pediatric practice practice gap","volume":"41","author":"Taylor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Rev"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000154526.22878.30","article-title":"Grey and white matter volume changes in early RRMS: A 2-year longitudinal study","volume":"64","author":"Tiberio","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-021-00457-5","article-title":"Environmental influences on the pace of brain development","volume":"22","author":"Tooley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2009.00852.x","article-title":"Prolonged institutional rearing is associated with atypically large amygdala volume and difficulties in emotion regulation","volume":"13","author":"Tottenham","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev Sci"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12841","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12841","article-title":"The relationship between biological and psychosocial risk factors and resting-state functional connectivity in 2-month-old Bangladeshi infants: A feasibility and pilot study","volume":"22","author":"Turesky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev Sci"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2021.101029","article-title":"Brain morphometry and diminished physical growth in bangladeshi children growing up in extreme poverty: A longitudinal study","volume":"52","author":"Turesky","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116540","article-title":"Relating anthropometric indicators to brain structure in 2-month-old Bangladeshi infants growing up in poverty: A pilot study","volume":"210","author":"Turesky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.06.058","article-title":"A population-average, landmark- and surface-based (PALS) atlas of human cerebral cortex","volume":"28","author":"Van Essen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2021.100916","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in amygdala, hippocampus and cortisol development following early caregiving adversity","volume":"48","author":"VanTieghem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2016.03.010","article-title":"The blood-brain barrier in systemic inflammation","volume":"60","author":"Varatharaj","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jnen.0000190067.20935.42","article-title":"Grey matter pathology in multiple sclerosis","volume":"64","author":"Vercellino","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1103","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2017.74","article-title":"Influences of prenatal and postnatal maternal depression on amygdala volume and microstructure in young children","volume":"7","author":"Wen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181d7b45b","article-title":"Serum C-reactive protein is linked to cerebral microstructural integrity and cognitive function","volume":"74","author":"Wersching","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12979-019-0158-7","article-title":"Systemic infection and microglia activation: A prospective postmortem study in sepsis patients","volume":"16","author":"Westhoff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity Ageing"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1431-5","article-title":"Growth faltering is associated with altered brain functional connectivity and cognitive outcomes in urban Bangladeshi children exposed to early adversity","volume":"17","author":"Xie","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116110","article-title":"Chronic inflammation is associated with neural responses to faces in Bangladeshi children","volume":"202","author":"Xie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1956","article-title":"Glial inhibition of CNS axon regeneration","volume":"7","author":"Yiu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2025081118590210700_b123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(97)70432-0","article-title":"Amniotic fluid inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6, interleukin-1(beta), and tumor necrosis factor-(alpha)), neonatal brain white matter lesions, and cerebral palsy","volume":"177","author":"Yoon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"}],"container-title":["Imaging Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/imag\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1162\/imag_a_00319\/2475712\/imag_a_00319.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/imag\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1162\/imag_a_00319\/2475712\/imag_a_00319.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T22:59:25Z","timestamp":1754953165000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/imag\/article\/doi\/10.1162\/imag_a_00319\/124611\/Brain-morphometry-and-chronic-inflammation-in"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"references-count":124,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/imag_a_00319","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.12.26.474220","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2837-6056"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2837-6056","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"article-number":"imag-2-00319"}}