{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T15:22:49Z","timestamp":1784647369425,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MIT Press","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The lumbosacral spinal cord contains neural circuits crucial for locomotion, organized into rostrocaudal levels with distinct somatosensory and motor neuron pools that project to and from the muscles of the lower limbs. However, the specific spinal levels that innervate each muscle and the locations of neuron pools vary significantly between individuals, presenting challenges for targeted therapies and neurosurgical interventions aimed at restoring locomotion. Non-invasive approaches to functionally map the segmental distribution of muscle innervation\u2014or projectome\u2014are therefore essential. Here, we developed a pipeline dedicated to record blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signals in the lumbosacral spinal cord using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We assessed spinal activity across different conditions targeting the extensor\/flexor muscles of the right leg (ankle, knee, and hip) in 12 healthy participants. To enhance clinical relevance, we included not only active movements but also two conditions that did not rely on participants\u2019 performance: passive stretches and muscle-specific tendon vibration, which activates proprioceptive afferents of the vibrated muscle. BOLD activity patterns were primarily located on the side ipsilateral to the movement, stretch, or vibration, both at the group and participant levels, indicating the BOLD activity being associated with the projectome. The fMRI-derived rostrocaudal BOLD activity patterns exhibited mixed alignment with expected innervation maps from invasive studies, varying by muscle and condition. While some muscles and conditions matched well across studies, others did not. Significant variability among individual participants underscores the need for personalized mapping of projections for targeted therapies and neurosurgical interventions. To support the interpretation of BOLD activity patterns, we developed a decision tree-based framework that combines reconstruction of neural structures from high-resolution anatomical MRI datasets and muscle-specific fMRI activity to produce personalized projectomes. Our findings provide a valuable proof-of-concept for the potential of fMRI to map the lumbosacral spinal cord\u2019s functional organization, while shedding light on challenges associated with this endeavor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/imag_a_00455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T20:01:09Z","timestamp":1736366469000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Towards personalized mapping through lumbosacral spinal cord task fMRI"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Sergio Daniel","family":"Hernandez-Charpak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Defitech Center for Interventional Neurotherapies (.NeuroRestore), CHUV\/UNIL\/EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland"},{"name":"Neuro-X Institute, Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nawal","family":"Kinany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuro-X Institute, Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Radiology and Medical Informatics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Ricchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuro-X Institute, Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Radiology and Medical Informatics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rapha\u00eblle","family":"Schlienger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Psychologie et Neurosciences, CRPN UMR 7077, Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loan","family":"Mattera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondation Campus Biotech Gen\u00e8ve, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Martuzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondation Campus Biotech Gen\u00e8ve, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Nazarian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9, CNRS, Centre IRM-INT@CERIMED (Institut des Neurosciences de la Timone \u2013 UMR 7289), Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Demesmaeker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defitech Center for Interventional Neurotherapies (.NeuroRestore), CHUV\/UNIL\/EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland"},{"name":"Neuro-X Institute, Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Rowald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defitech Center for Interventional Neurotherapies (.NeuroRestore), CHUV\/UNIL\/EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland"},{"name":"Neuro-X Institute, Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland"},{"name":"Professorship of Digital Health, Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology & Department Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Kavounoudias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Psychologie et Neurosciences, CRPN UMR 7077, Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jocelyne","family":"Bloch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defitech Center for Interventional Neurotherapies (.NeuroRestore), CHUV\/UNIL\/EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland"},{"name":"Neuro-X Institute, Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland"},{"name":"Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gr\u00e9goire","family":"Courtine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defitech Center for Interventional Neurotherapies (.NeuroRestore), CHUV\/UNIL\/EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland"},{"name":"Neuro-X Institute, Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitri","family":"Van De Ville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuro-X Institute, Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Radiology and Medical Informatics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.04.042","article-title":"A component based noise correction method (CompCor) for BOLD and perfusion based fMRI","volume":"37","author":"Behzadi","year":"2007","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2012.09.009","article-title":"The spinal cord: A review of functional neuroanatomy","volume":"31","author":"Bican","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.07.024","article-title":"Spinal cord functional MRI at 3 T: Gradient echo echo-planar imaging versus turbo spin echo","volume":"43","author":"Bouwman","year":"2008","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4192","article-title":"Characterizing the location of spinal and vertebral levels in the human cervical spinal cord","volume":"36","author":"Cadotte","year":"2015","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4611","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-021-00588-0","article-title":"Generic acquisition protocol for quantitative MRI of the spinal cord","volume":"16","author":"Cohen-Adad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen-Adad, J., Rossignol, S., & Hoge, R. (2009). Slice-by-slice motion correction in spinal cord fMRI: SliceCorr. InProceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.58530\/2023\/4582","DOI":"10.58530\/2023\/4582"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18189","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-45302-0","article-title":"Detection of resting-state functional connectivity in the lumbar spinal cord with 3T MRI","volume":"13","author":"Combes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.10.041","article-title":"PAM50: Unbiased multimodal template of the brainstem and spinal cord aligned with the ICBM152 space","volume":"165","author":"De Leener","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.10.009","article-title":"SCT: Spinal cord toolbox, an open-source software for processing spinal cord MRI data","volume":"145","author":"De Leener","year":"2017","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.910130104","article-title":"A description of charts showing the areas of the cross sections of the human spinal cord at the level of each spinal nerve","volume":"13","author":"Donaldson","year":"1903","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.06.050","article-title":"Cerebral correlates of the \u201cKohnstamm phenomenon\u201d: An fMRI study","volume":"34","author":"Duclos","year":"2007","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680811","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.680811","article-title":"TAPAS: An open-source software package for translational neuromodeling and computational psychiatry","volume":"12","author":"Fr\u00e4ssle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2016.00238","article-title":"A review of the segmental diameter of the healthy human spinal cord","volume":"7","author":"Frostell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.09.081","article-title":"Automatic segmentation of the spinal cord and intramedullary multiple sclerosis lesions with convolutional neural networks","volume":"184","author":"Gros","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2017.12.001","article-title":"Automatic spinal cord localization, robust to MRI contrasts using global curve optimization","volume":"44","author":"Gros","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Image Anal"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-071013-014111","article-title":"Coupling mechanism and significance of the BOLD signal: A status report","volume":"37","author":"Hillman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.04.018","article-title":"The impact of physiological noise correction on fMRI at 7 T","volume":"57","author":"Hutton","year":"2011","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.980060307","article-title":"Segment length and root orientation in normal and sacrally attached spinal cords: A morphometric study","volume":"6","author":"Hynes","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1132","article-title":"Improved optimization for the robust and accurate linear registration and motion correction of brain images","volume":"17","author":"Jenkinson","year":"2002","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.09.015","article-title":"FSL","volume":"62","author":"Jenkinson","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0193(1999)8:2\/3<80::AID-HBM2>3.0.CO;2-C","article-title":"Sources of distortion in functional MRI data","volume":"8","author":"Jezzard","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00222","article-title":"Lumbar spinal cord activity and blood biochemical changes in individuals with diabetic peripheral neuropathy during electrical stimulation","volume":"10","author":"Jia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.20351","article-title":"Is there a change in water proton density associated with functional magnetic resonance imaging? Proton Density Change in fMRI?","volume":"53","author":"Jochimsen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2016.10.019","article-title":"The PhysIO toolbox for modeling physiological noise in fMRI data","volume":"276","author":"Kasper","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05385-7","article-title":"The neurons that restore walking after paralysis","volume":"611","author":"Kathe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2007.10.002","article-title":"Proprio-tactile integration for kinesthetic perception: An fMRI study","volume":"46","author":"Kavounoudias","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.4067\/S0717-95022019000300867","article-title":"Influence of age, sex, height and lumber stenosis on the position of the conus medullaris in adults","volume":"37","author":"Khasawneh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Morphol"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1162\/imag_a_00059","article-title":"In vivo parcellation of the human spinal cord functional architecture","volume":"2","author":"Kinany","year":"2024","journal-title":"Imaging Neurosci"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.05.036","article-title":"Functional imaging of rostrocaudal spinal activity during upper limb motor tasks","volume":"200","author":"Kinany","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.118964","article-title":"Towards reliable spinal cord fMRI: Assessment of common imaging protocols","volume":"250","author":"Kinany","year":"2022","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.07.024","article-title":"Dynamic functional connectivity of resting-state spinal cord fMRI reveals fine-grained intrinsic architecture","volume":"108","author":"Kinany","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101538","article-title":"Gross quantitative measurements of spinal cord segments in human","volume":"42","author":"Ko","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.20157","article-title":"fMRI of the lumbar spinal cord during a lower limb motor task","volume":"52","author":"Kornelsen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3102019","article-title":"Detection of the neuronal activity occurring caudal to the site of spinal cord injury that is elicited during lower limb movement tasks","volume":"45","author":"Kornelsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1240","article-title":"Physiological noise in oxygenation-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging: Physiological noise in MRI","volume":"46","author":"Kr\u00fcger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1162\/imag_a_00227","article-title":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbosacral cord during a lower extremity motor task","volume":"2","author":"K\u00fcndig","year":"2024","journal-title":"Imaging Neurosci"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117056","article-title":"Functional brain changes in the elderly for the perception of hand movements: A greater impairment occurs in proprioception than touch","volume":"220","author":"Landelle","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118684","article-title":"Investigating the human spinal sensorimotor pathways through functional magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"245","author":"Landelle","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.3171\/2022.3.SPINE2212","article-title":"A broad and variable lumbosacral myotome map uncovered by foraminal nerve root stimulation","volume":"37","author":"London","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06094-5","article-title":"Walking naturally after spinal cord injury using a brain\u2013spine interface","volume":"618","author":"Lorach","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2001.012675","article-title":"Modulation of non-monosynaptic excitation from ankle dorsiflexor afferents to quadriceps motoneurones during human walking","volume":"538","author":"Marchand-Pauvert","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2001.t01-1-00313.x","article-title":"Group I projections from intrinsic foot muscles to motoneurones of leg and thigh muscles in humans","volume":"536","author":"Marque","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00235.2022","article-title":"Intraoperative electrical stimulation of the human dorsal spinal cord reveals a map of arm and hand muscle responses","volume":"129","author":"McIntosh","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2020.07.039","article-title":"Segment-specific orientation of the dorsal and ventral roots for precise therapeutic targeting of human spinal cord","volume":"96","author":"Mendez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00232447","article-title":"Pattern of heteronymous recurrent inhibition in the human lower limb","volume":"102","author":"Meunier","year":"1994","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2854","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02584-1","article-title":"A spinal cord neuroprosthesis for locomotor deficits due to Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"29","author":"Milekovic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.20314","article-title":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging of the human lumbar spinal cord","volume":"21","author":"Moffitt","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.24010","article-title":"Measurements and morphometric landmarks of the human spinal cord: A cadaveric study","volume":"36","author":"Nun\u00e8s","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880141213","article-title":"Electrophysiologic mapping of the segmental anatomy of the muscles of the lower extremity","volume":"14","author":"Phillips","year":"1991","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139026727","volume-title":"The circuitry of the human spinal cord: Spinal and corticospinal mechanisms of movement","author":"Pierrot-Deseilligny","year":"2012","edition":"1st"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.08.048","article-title":"Methods to detect, characterize, and remove motion artifact in resting state fMRI","volume":"84","author":"Power","year":"2014","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b52","author":"Purves","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aen295","article-title":"Changing body position alters the location of the spinal cord within the vertebral canal: A magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"101","author":"Ranger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(98)00732-0","article-title":"Muscle spindle activity following muscle tendon vibration in man","volume":"258","author":"Ribot-Ciscar","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1162\/imag_a_00286","article-title":"Lumbosacral spinal cord functional connectivity at rest: From feasibility to reliability","volume":"2","author":"Ricchi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Imaging Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00239377","article-title":"Kinaesthetic role of muscle afferents in man, studied by tendon vibration and microneurography","volume":"47","author":"Roll","year":"1982","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01663-5","article-title":"Activity-dependent spinal cord neuromodulation rapidly restores trunk and leg motor functions after complete paralysis","volume":"28","author":"Rowald","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.2.SPINE1068","article-title":"Heuristic map of myotomal innervation in humans using direct intraoperative nerve root stimulation","volume":"15","author":"Schirmer","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2007.10.010","article-title":"Laterality index in functional MRI: Methodological issues","volume":"26","author":"Seghier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b60","first-page":"106","article-title":"The segmental innervation of the lower limb muscles in man","volume":"35","author":"Sharrard","year":"1964","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b61","unstructured":"Silversmith, W.\n           (2021). cc3d: Connected components on multilabel 3D & 2D images. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/ZENODO.5535250"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101559","article-title":"Noninvasive assessment of the injured human spinal cord by means of functional magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"42","author":"Stroman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/S0730-725X(01)00392-7","article-title":"Spin-echo versus gradient-echo fMRI with short echo times","volume":"19","author":"Stroman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/S0730-725X(01)00409-X","article-title":"Characterization of contrast changes in functional MRI of the human spinal cord at 1.5 T","volume":"19","author":"Stroman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.01.007","article-title":"Comparison of physiological noise at 1.5 T, 3 T and 7 T and optimization of fMRI acquisition parameters","volume":"26","author":"Triantafyllou","year":"2005","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22505","article-title":"Descriptive study of the differences in the level of the conus medullaris in four different age groups","volume":"28","author":"Van Schoor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0649-2","article-title":"Targeted neurotechnology restores walking in humans with spinal cord injury","volume":"563","author":"Wagner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116905","article-title":"Assessing the spatial distribution of cervical spinal cord activity during tactile stimulation of the upper extremity in humans with functional magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"217","author":"Weber","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.10.014","article-title":"Lateralization of cervical spinal cord activity during an isometric upper extremity motor task with functional magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"125","author":"Weber","year":"2016","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2003.12.024","article-title":"Constrained linear basis sets for HRF modelling using Variational Bayes","volume":"21","author":"Woolrich","year":"2004","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2025012322093729700_imag_a_00455-b71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0931","article-title":"Temporal autocorrelation in univariate linear modeling of FMRI data","volume":"14","author":"Woolrich","year":"2001","journal-title":"NeuroImage"}],"container-title":["Imaging Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/imag\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1162\/imag_a_00455\/2495860\/imag_a_00455.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/imag\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1162\/imag_a_00455\/2495860\/imag_a_00455.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T22:10:25Z","timestamp":1737670225000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/imag\/article\/doi\/10.1162\/imag_a_00455\/127406\/Towards-personalized-mapping-through-lumbosacral"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":71,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/imag_a_00455","relation":{},"ISSN":["2837-6056"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2837-6056","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"article-number":"imag_a_00455"}}