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CVR is often measured using a breath-hold task to modulate blood CO2 levels during an fMRI scan. Measuring end-tidal CO2 (PETCO2) with a nasal cannula during the task allows CVR amplitude to be calculated in standard units (vascular response per unit change in CO2, or %BOLD\/mmHg) and CVR delay to be calculated in seconds. The use of standard units allows for normative CVR ranges to be established and for CVR comparisons to be made across subjects and scan sessions. Although breath holding can be successfully performed by diverse patient populations, obtaining accurate PETCO2 measurements requires additional task compliance; specifically, participants must breathe exclusively through their nose and exhale immediately before and after each breath hold. Meeting these requirements is challenging, even in healthy participants, and this has limited the translational potential of breath-hold fMRI for CVR mapping. Previous work has focused on using alternative regressors such as respiration volume per time (RVT), derived from respiration-belt measurements, to map CVR. Because measuring RVT does not require additional task compliance from participants, it is a more feasible measure than PETCO2. However, using RVT does not produce CVR amplitude in standard units. In this work, we explored how to achieve CVR amplitude maps, in standard units, and CVR delay maps, when breath-hold task PETCO2 data quality is low. First, we evaluated whether RVT could be scaled to units of mmHg using a subset of PETCO2 data of sufficiently high quality. Second, we explored whether a PETCO2 timeseries predicted from RVT using deep learning allows for more accurate CVR measurements. Using a dense-mapping breath-hold fMRI dataset, we showed that both rescaled RVT and rescaled, predicted PETCO2 can be used to produce maps of CVR amplitude in standard units and CVR delay with strong absolute agreement to ground-truth maps. The rescaled, predicted PETCO2 regressor resulted in superior accuracy for both CVR amplitude and delay. In an individual with regions of increased CVR delay due to Moyamoya disease, the predicted PETCO2 regressor also provided greater sensitivity to pathology than RVT. Ultimately, this work will increase the clinical applicability of CVR in populations exhibiting decreased task compliance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/imag_a_00536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T19:55:18Z","timestamp":1742586918000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Quantitative mapping of cerebrovascular reactivity amplitude and delay with breath-hold BOLD fMRI when end-tidal CO2 quality is low"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4787-1124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca G.","family":"Clements","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2239-7902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristina M.","family":"Zvolanek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8938-540X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neha A.","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9913-492X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kimberly J.","family":"Hemmerling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7197-1248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roza G.","family":"Bayrak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1541-9579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catie","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7257-9646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Molly G.","family":"Bright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025040816210241200_imag_a_00536-b1","first-page":"1119539","article-title":"Generating dynamic carbon-dioxide traces from respiration-belt recordings: Feasibility using neural networks and application in functional magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"2","author":"Agrawal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroimaging"},{"key":"2025040816210241200_imag_a_00536-b2","unstructured":"Bayer, J., Bayrak, R. 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