{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T11:25:17Z","timestamp":1788521117130,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MIT Press","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":89,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust and the Royal Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["102584\/Z\/13\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["102584\/Z\/13\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust and the Royal Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["224430\/Z\/21\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["224430\/Z\/21\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["106183\/Z\/14\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["106183\/Z\/14\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["215573\/Z\/19\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["215573\/Z\/19\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"UK MRC and the Dementia Platform UK","award":["RG94383\/RG89702"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG94383\/RG89702"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004789","name":"John Fell Fund, University of Oxford","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004789","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Wellcome Trust Institutional Strategic Support Fund"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["203139\/Z\/16\/Z and 203139\/A\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["203139\/Z\/16\/Z and 203139\/A\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013373","name":"NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR203316"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR203316"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013373","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Gamma activity (\u03b3, &amp;gt;30 Hz) is universally demonstrated across brain regions and species. However, the physiological basis and functional role of \u03b3 sub-bands (slow-\u03b3, mid-\u03b3, fast-\u03b3) have been predominantly studied in rodent hippocampus; \u03b3 activity in the human neocortex is much less well understood. We use electrophysiology, non-invasive brain stimulation, and several motor tasks to examine the properties of sensorimotor \u03b3 activity sub-bands and their relationship with both local GABAergic activity and motor learning. Data from three experimental studies are presented. Experiment 1 (N = 33) comprises magnetoencephalography (MEG), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and a motor learning paradigm; experiment 2 (N = 19) uses MEG and motor learning; and experiment 3 (N = 18) uses EEG and TMS. We characterised two distinct \u03b3 sub-bands (slow-\u03b3, mid-\u03b3) which show a movement-related increase in activity during unilateral index finger movements and are characterised by distinct temporal\u2013spectral\u2013spatial profiles. Bayesian correlation analysis revealed strong evidence for a positive relationship between slow-\u03b3 (~30\u201360 Hz) peak frequency and GABAergic intracortical inhibition (as assessed using the TMS-metric short interval intracortical inhibition). There was also moderate evidence for a relationship between the power of the movement-related mid-\u03b3 activity (60\u201390 Hz) and motor learning. These relationships were neurochemical and frequency specific. These data provide new insights into the neurophysiological basis and functional roles of \u03b3 activity in human M1 and allow the development of a new theoretical framework for \u03b3 activity in the human neocortex.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/imag_a_00538","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T22:14:02Z","timestamp":1743459242000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Human motor cortical gamma activity relates to GABAergic intracortical inhibition and motor learning"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0705-9297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catharina","family":"Zich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"},{"name":"MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Nowak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily L.","family":"Hinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camille","family":"Lasbareilles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"},{"name":"MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Mancini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"},{"name":"MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alek","family":"Pogosyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oana","family":"Puicar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioana-Florentina","family":"Grigoras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"},{"name":"MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Cambalova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"},{"name":"MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Scholl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, PSYR2 Team, University Lyon, Lyon, France"},{"name":"Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, P\u00f4le EST, Bron, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurie","family":"Josephs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Quinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark W.","family":"Woolrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte J.","family":"Stagg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"},{"name":"MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"47","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17040","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2209-11.2011","article-title":"Dual gamma rhythm generators control interlaminar synchrony in auditory cortex","volume":"31","author":"Ainsworth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e67355","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.67355","article-title":"Increasing human motor skill acquisition by driving theta\u2013gamma coupling","volume":"10","author":"Akkad","year":"2021","journal-title":"eLife"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4122-11.2012","article-title":"Cross-frequency phase-phase coupling between \u03b8 and \u03b3 oscillations in the hippocampus","volume":"32","author":"Belluscio","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.33977","article-title":"Lamina-specific cortical dynamics in human visual and sensorimotor cortices","volume":"7","author":"Bonaiuto","year":"2018","journal-title":"eLife"},{"issue":"1 I","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-01-00047.1995","article-title":"Gamma (40-100 Hz) oscillation in the hippocampus of the behaving rat","volume":"15","author":"Bragin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1163\/156856897X00357","article-title":"The psychophysics toolbox","volume":"10","author":"Brainard","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spatial Vision"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01095.2002","article-title":"What determines the frequency of fast network oscillations with irregular neural discharges? I. Synaptic dynamics and excitation-inhibition balance","volume":"90","author":"Brunel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"27","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11262","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1011284108","article-title":"Laminar differences in gamma and alpha coherence in the ventral stream","volume":"108","author":"Buffalo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-062111-150444","article-title":"Mechanisms of gamma oscillations","volume":"35","author":"Buzs\u00e1ki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annual Review of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"5793","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1128115","article-title":"High gamma power is phase-locked to theta oscillations in human neocortex","volume":"313","author":"Canolty","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2012.03.007","article-title":"A single microcircuit with multiple functions: State dependent information processing in the hippocampus","volume":"22","author":"Carr","year":"2012","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Neurobiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403.e6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.11.033","article-title":"Distinct inhibitory circuits orchestrate cortical beta and gamma band oscillations","volume":"96","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.08.030","article-title":"MEG studies of sensorimotor rhythms: A review","volume":"245","author":"Cheyne","year":"2013","journal-title":"Experimental Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.04.178","article-title":"Self-paced movements induce high-frequency gamma oscillations in primary motor cortex","volume":"42","author":"Cheyne","year":"2008","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00575","article-title":"MEG studies of motor cortex gamma oscillations: Evidence for a gamma \u201cfingerprint\u201d in the brain?","volume":"7","author":"Cheyne","year":"2013","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2015.01.005","article-title":"Do slow and fast gamma rhythms correspond to distinct functional states in the hippocampal network?","volume":"1621","author":"Colgin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"issue":"7271","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08573","article-title":"Frequency of gamma oscillations routes flow of information in the hippocampus","volume":"462","author":"Colgin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/121.12.2301","article-title":"Functional mapping of human sensorimotor cortex with electrocorticographic spectral analysis. II. Event-related synchronization in the gamma band","volume":"121","author":"Crone","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain: A Journal of Neurology"},{"key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(06)59019-3","article-title":"High-frequency gamma oscillations and human brain mapping with electrocorticography","volume":"159","author":"Crone","year":"2006","journal-title":"Progress in Brain Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)01169-8","article-title":"Mechanisms of gamma oscillations in the hippocampus of the behaving rat","volume":"37","author":"Csicsvari","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2004.061747","article-title":"Effects of lorazepam on short latency afferent inhibition and short latency intracortical inhibition in humans","volume":"564","author":"Di Lazzaro","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2013.00018","article-title":"The contribution of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the functional evaluation of microcircuits in human motor cortex","volume":"7","author":"Di Lazzaro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neural Circuits"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.11.002","article-title":"Motor training modulates intracortical inhibitory dynamics in motor cortex during movement preparation","volume":"12","author":"Dupont-Hadwen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"issue":"5664","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1091032","article-title":"Specific GABAA circuits for visual cortical plasticity","volume":"303","author":"Fagiolini","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213.e5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.02.017","article-title":"Entorhinal-CA3 dual-input control of spike timing in the hippocampus by theta-gamma coupling","volume":"93","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Ruiz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.12.077","article-title":"Relating MEG measured motor cortical oscillations to resting \u03b3-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentration","volume":"55","author":"Gaetz","year":"2011","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbn070","article-title":"GABA neurons and the mechanisms of network oscillations: Implications for understanding cortical dysfunction in schizophrenia","volume":"34","author":"Gonzalez-Burgos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Bulletin"},{"issue":"42","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14341","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0600-15.2015","article-title":"Laminar profile and physiology of the \u03b1 rhythm in primary visual, auditory, and somatosensory regions of neocortex","volume":"35","author":"Haegens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2009.07.024","article-title":"Network mechanisms of gamma oscillations in the CA3 region of the hippocampus","volume":"22","author":"H\u00e1jos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neural Networks"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20889","article-title":"Neuronal network pharmacodynamics of GABAergic modulation in the human cortex determined using pharmaco-magnetoencephalography","volume":"31","author":"Hall","year":"2010","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.02.025","article-title":"The role of GABAergic modulation in motor function related neuronal network activity","volume":"56","author":"Hall","year":"2011","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haverland, B., Timmsen, L. S., Wolf, S., Stagg, C. J., Frontzkowski, L., Oostenveld, R., Feldheim, J., Higgen, F. L., Gerloff, C., Schulz, R., Schneider, T. R., Schwab, B. C., & Quandt, F. (2024). Human cortical high-gamma power relates to movement speed and is disproportionately reduced after stroke. bioRxiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2023.11.07.565934","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.11.07.565934"},{"issue":"20","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181a609c5","article-title":"Deficient intracortical inhibition (SICI): During movement preparation after chronic stroke","volume":"72","author":"Hummel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1109\/72.761722","article-title":"Fast and robust fixed-point algorithms for independent component analysis","volume":"10","author":"Hyvarinen","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks"},{"key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b200","volume-title":"Theory of probability","author":"Jeffreys","year":"1961"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.01.024","article-title":"Driving oscillatory activity in the human cortex enhances motor performance","volume":"22","author":"Joundi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685.e3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.04.055","article-title":"A mechanistic link from GABA to cortical architecture and perception","volume":"27","author":"Kolasinski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1742-15.2016","article-title":"Investigating the stability of fine-grain digit somatotopy in individual human participants","volume":"36","author":"Kolasinski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c170043","article-title":"Motor learning","volume-title":"Comprehensive physiology","author":"Krakauer","year":"2019","edition":"1st"},{"key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1993.sp019912","article-title":"Corticocortical inhibition in human motor cortex","volume":"471","author":"Kujirai","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology (1993)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.05.036","article-title":"Hippocampal place cells couple to three different gamma oscillations during place field traversal","volume":"91","author":"Laszt\u00f3czi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139087759","volume-title":"Bayesian cognitive modeling: A practical course","author":"Lee","year":"2014"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940.e7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.09.031","article-title":"Parsing hippocampal theta oscillations by nested spectral components during spatial exploration and memory-guided behavior","volume":"100","author":"Lopes-dos-Santos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"48","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17155","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3059-12.2012","article-title":"Fine-grained nociceptive maps in primary somatosensory cortex","volume":"32","author":"Mancini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4430","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0913697107","article-title":"Cortical activity during motor execution, motor imagery, and imagery-based online feedback","volume":"107","author":"Miller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10848","article-title":"Influence of somatosensory input on motor function in patients with chronic stroke","volume":"55","author":"Murase","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2873","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00607.2010","article-title":"Functional properties of human primary motor cortex gamma oscillations","volume":"104","author":"Muthukumaraswamy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-011-2775-z","article-title":"Temporal dynamics of primary motor cortex gamma oscillation amplitude and piper corticomuscular coherence changes during motor control","volume":"212","author":"Muthukumaraswamy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00138","article-title":"High-frequency brain activity and muscle artifacts in MEG\/EEG: A review and recommendations","volume":"7","author":"Muthukumaraswamy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.10.054","article-title":"The effects of elevated endogenous GABA levels on movement-related network oscillations","volume":"66","author":"Muthukumaraswamy","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"17","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4481","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0098-17.2017","article-title":"Driving human motor cortical oscillations leads to behaviorally relevant changes in local GABA A inhibition: A tACS-TMS study","volume":"37","author":"Nowak","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(71)90067-4","article-title":"The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh inventory","volume":"9","author":"Oldfield","year":"1971","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.09.032","article-title":"Topographic representation of the human body in the occipitotemporal cortex","volume":"68","author":"Orlov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(99)00141-8","article-title":"Event-related EEG\/MEG synchronization and desynchronization: Basic principles","volume":"110","author":"Pfurtscheller","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology: Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b53","first-page":"1","article-title":"The GLM-spectrum: A multilevel framework for spectrum analysis with covariate and confound modelling","volume":"2","author":"Quinn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Imaging Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00603","article-title":"Task-evoked dynamic network analysis through hidden Markov modelling","volume":"12","author":"Quinn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b55","author":"Revelle","year":"2015"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.4.730","article-title":"Inhibition in the human motor cortex is reduced just before a voluntary contraction","volume":"53","author":"Reynolds","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"42","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15646","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0607443103","article-title":"A beta2-frequency (20-30 Hz) oscillation in nonsynaptic networks of somatosensory cortex","volume":"103","author":"Roopun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1080\/00401706.1983.10487848","article-title":"Percentage points for a generalized ESD many-outlier procedure","volume":"25","author":"Rosner","year":"1983","journal-title":"Technometrics"},{"key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118659","article-title":"A comparison of GABA-ergic (propofol) and non-GABA-ergic (dexmedetomidine) sedation on visual and motor cortical oscillations, using magnetoencephalography","volume":"245","author":"Saxena","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b60","volume-title":"Investigating the behavioural and neurophysiological underpinnings of a novel bimanual motor learning task","author":"Schoenfeld","year":"2021"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.08.051","article-title":"Theta phase segregation of input-specific gamma patterns in entorhinal-hippocampal networks","volume":"84","author":"Schomburg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00200","article-title":"Better ways to improve standards in brain-behavior correlation analysis","volume":"6","author":"Schwarzkopf","year":"2012","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1777","article-title":"A human parietal face area contains aligned head-centered visual and tactile maps","volume":"9","author":"Sereno","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1456","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2005.1630","article-title":"The importance of being agranular: A comparative account of visual and motor cortex","volume":"360","author":"Shipp","year":"2005","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2013.09.004","article-title":"Reflections on agranular architecture: Predictive coding in the motor cortex","volume":"36","author":"Shipp","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2009.02.007","article-title":"How does transcranial magnetic stimulation modify neuronal activity in the brain? Implications for studies of cognition","volume":"45","author":"Siebner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"7247","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07991","article-title":"Parvalbumin neurons and gamma rhythms enhance cortical circuit performance","volume":"459","author":"Sohal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"24","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.10.020","article-title":"Layer-specific entrainment of gamma-band neural activity by the alpha rhythm in monkey visual cortex","volume":"22","author":"Spaak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2011.01.069","article-title":"The role of GABA in human motor learning","volume":"21","author":"Stagg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"issue":"Pt 23","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5845","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2011.216978","article-title":"Relationship between physiological measures of excitability and levels of glutamate and GABA in the human motor cortex","volume":"589","author":"Stagg","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Journal of Physiology"},{"issue":"24","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6445","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1128-16.2016","article-title":"Gamma oscillations in the hyperkinetic state detected with chronic human brain recordings in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"36","author":"Swann","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"046006","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/aabc9b","article-title":"Adaptive deep brain stimulation for Parkinson\u2019s disease using motor cortex sensing","volume":"15","author":"Swann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Neural Engineering"},{"issue":"15","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5824","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-15-05824.2001","article-title":"Beta and gamma frequency synchronization by dendritic gabaergic synapses and gap junctions in a network of cortical interneurons","volume":"21","author":"Szabadics","year":"2001","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2006.04876.x","article-title":"Relationship between intracerebral gamma oscillations and slow potentials in the human sensorimotor cortex","volume":"24","author":"Szurhaj","year":"2006","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1109\/53.665","article-title":"Beamforming: A versatile approach to spatial filtering","volume":"5","author":"Van Veen","year":"1988","journal-title":"IEEE ASSP Magazine"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2008.01.024","article-title":"Thinking activates EMG in scalp electrical recordings","volume":"119","author":"Whitham","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2007.04.027","article-title":"Scalp electrical recording during paralysis: Quantitative evidence that EEG frequencies above 20 Hz are contaminated by EMG","volume":"118","author":"Whitham","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology: Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1002\/dneu.20814","article-title":"Multiple origins of the cortical gamma rhythm","volume":"71","author":"Whittington","year":"2011","journal-title":"Developmental Neurobiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8760(00)00173-2","article-title":"Inhibition-based rhythms: Experimental and mathematical observations on network dynamics","volume":"38","author":"Whittington","year":"2000","journal-title":"International Journal of Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.04.041","article-title":"MEG beamforming using Bayesian PCA for adaptive data covariance matrix regularisation","volume":"57","author":"Woolrich","year":"2011","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e05422","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.05422","article-title":"A genuine layer 4 in motor cortex with prototypical synaptic circuit connectivity","volume":"3","author":"Yamawaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"eLife"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/S0987-7053(03)00029-7","article-title":"Time course of motor excitability before and after a task-related movement","volume":"33","author":"Zaaroor","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurophysiologie Clinique\/Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e80160","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.80160","article-title":"Spatiotemporal organisation of human sensorimotor beta burst activity","volume":"12","author":"Zich","year":"2023","journal-title":"eLife"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025050514022437600_imag_a_00538-b85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1996.sp021734","article-title":"Interaction between intracortical inhibition and facilitation in human motor cortex","volume":"496","author":"Ziemann","year":"1996","journal-title":"The Journal of Physiology"}],"container-title":["Imaging Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/imag\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1162\/imag_a_00538\/2510280\/imag_a_00538.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/imag\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1162\/imag_a_00538\/2510280\/imag_a_00538.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T18:02:40Z","timestamp":1746468160000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/imag\/article\/doi\/10.1162\/imag_a_00538\/128623\/Human-motor-cortical-gamma-activity-relates-to"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":86,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/imag_a_00538","relation":{},"ISSN":["2837-6056"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2837-6056","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"article-number":"imag_a_00538"}}