{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T16:59:09Z","timestamp":1790960349463,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MIT Press","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The sleep-deprived brain has principally been characterized by examining dysfunction during cognitive task performance. However, far less attention has been afforded the possibility that sleep deprivation may be as, if not more, accurately characterized on the basis of abnormal resting-state brain activity. Here we report that one night of sleep deprivation significantly disrupts the canonical signature of task-related deactivation, resulting in a double dissociation within anterior as well as posterior midline regions of the default network. Indeed, deactivation within these regions alone discriminated sleep-deprived from sleep-control subjects with a 93% degree of sensitivity and 92% specificity. In addition, the relative balance of deactivation within these default nodes significantly correlated with the amount of prior sleep in the control group (and not extended time awake in the deprivation group). Therefore, the stability and the balance of task-related deactivation in key default-mode regions may be dependent on prior sleep, such that a lack thereof disrupts this signature pattern of brain activity, findings that may offer explanatory insights into conditions associated with sleep loss at both a clinical as well as societal level.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2009.21331","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,24]],"date-time":"2009-08-24T10:54:26Z","timestamp":1251111266000},"page":"1637-1648","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":137,"title":["The Unrested Resting Brain: Sleep Deprivation Alters Activity within the Default-mode Network"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Ninad","family":"Gujar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of California, Berkeley"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung-Schik","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Harvard Medical School"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of California, Berkeley"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew P.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of California, Berkeley"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021072900422564500_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15641","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0808310105","article-title":"A BOLD window into brain waves.","volume":"105","author":"Balduzzi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1162\/089892999563265","article-title":"Conceptual processing during the conscious resting state. A functional MRI study.","volume":"11","author":"Binder","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1417.015","article-title":"Intrinsic brain activity in altered states of consciousness: How conscious is the default mode of brain function?","volume":"1129","author":"Boly","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/120.7.1173","article-title":"Regional cerebral blood flow throughout the sleep\u2013wake cycle. An H215O PET study.","volume":"120","author":"Braun","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1998.0351","article-title":"Characterizing stimulus-response functions using nonlinear regressors in parametric fMRI experiments.","volume":"8","author":"Buchel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1440.011","article-title":"The brain's default network: Anatomy, function, and relevance to disease.","volume":"1124","author":"Buckner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.01.010","article-title":"Unrest at rest: Default activity and spontaneous network correlations.","volume":"37","author":"Buckner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.06.025","article-title":"Cingulate-precuneus interactions: A new locus of dysfunction in adult attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder.","volume":"63","author":"Castellanos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9487","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0610712104","article-title":"Functional neuroimaging and behavioral correlates of capacity decline in visual short-term memory after sleep deprivation.","volume":"104","author":"Chee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e3283052cf7","article-title":"Functional neuroimaging insights into how sleep and sleep deprivation affect memory and cognition.","volume":"21","author":"Chee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Neurology"},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wnr.0000239956.45448.4c","article-title":"Functional connectivity in a baseline resting-state network in autism.","volume":"17","author":"Cherkassky","year":"2006","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1038\/304111a0","article-title":"The function of dream sleep.","volume":"304","author":"Crick","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhm207","article-title":"Reduced resting-state brain activity in the \u201cdefault network\u201d in normal aging.","volume":"18","author":"Damoiseaux","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15160","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0801819105","article-title":"Spontaneous neural activity during human slow wave sleep.","volume":"105","author":"Dang-Vu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhm155","article-title":"Que PASA? The posterior-anterior shift in aging.","volume":"18","author":"Davis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11073","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0704320104","article-title":"Distinct brain networks for adaptive and stable task control in humans.","volume":"104","author":"Dosenbach","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.04.031","article-title":"A core system for the implementation of task sets.","volume":"50","author":"Dosenbach","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R18","first-page":"1059","article-title":"The neural basis of the psychomotor vigilance task.","volume":"28","author":"Drummond","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S68","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(01)00325-6","article-title":"The effects of total sleep deprivation on cerebral responses to cognitive performance.","volume":"25(Suppl. 5)","author":"Drummond","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1038\/35001068","article-title":"Altered brain response to verbal learning following sleep deprivation.","volume":"403","author":"Drummond","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-867080","article-title":"Neurocognitive consequences of sleep deprivation.","volume":"25","author":"Durmer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Seminars in Neurology"},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7723","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0700094104","article-title":"Human relational memory requires time and sleep.","volume":"104","author":"Ellenbogen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.11.051","article-title":"A method for using blocked and event-related fMRI data to study \u201cresting state\u201d functional connectivity.","volume":"35","author":"Fair","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2005.10.010","article-title":"An introduction to ROC analysis.","volume":"27","author":"Fawcett","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition Letters"},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2201","article-title":"Spontaneous fluctuations in brain activity observed with functional magnetic resonance imaging.","volume":"8","author":"Fox","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.05.059","article-title":"The precuneus\/posterior cingulate cortex plays a pivotal role in the default mode network: Evidence from a partial correlation network analysis.","volume":"42","author":"Fransson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2007.04.003","article-title":"The effects of 40 hours of total sleep deprivation on inflammatory markers in healthy young adults.","volume":"21","author":"Frey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain, Behavior, and Immunity"},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.460020402","article-title":"Statistical parametric maps in functional imaging: A general linear approach.","volume":"2","author":"Friston","year":"1995","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1997.0306","article-title":"Event-related fMRI: Characterizing differential responses.","volume":"7","author":"Friston","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2006.04.018","article-title":"Large-amplitude, spatially correlated fluctuations in BOLD fMRI signals during extended rest and early sleep stages.","volume":"24","author":"Fukunaga","year":"2006","journal-title":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging"},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2007.164.3.450","article-title":"Aberrant \u201cdefault mode\u201d functional connectivity in schizophrenia.","volume":"164","author":"Garrity","year":"2007","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1166673","article-title":"Widespread changes in synaptic markers as a function of sleep and wakefulness in Drosophila.","volume":"324","author":"Gilestro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4637","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0308627101","article-title":"Default-mode network activity distinguishes Alzheimer's disease from healthy aging: Evidence from functional MRI.","volume":"101","author":"Greicius","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4259","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.071043098","article-title":"Medial prefrontal cortex and self-referential mental activity: Relation to a default mode of brain function.","volume":"98","author":"Gusnard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13338","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3408-06.2006","article-title":"Brain connectivity related to working memory performance.","volume":"26","author":"Hampson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20428","article-title":"Low frequency BOLD fluctuations during resting wakefulness and light sleep: A simultaneous EEG-fMRI study.","volume":"29","author":"Horovitz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1417.002","article-title":"Sleep deprivation and vigilant attention.","volume":"1129","author":"Lim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2753.2005.00598.x","article-title":"Measuring diagnostic and predictive accuracy in disease management: An introduction to receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis.","volume":"12","author":"Linden","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice"},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2008.03.021","article-title":"Default mode network as revealed with multiple methods for resting-state functional MRI analysis.","volume":"171","author":"Long","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience Methods"},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(00)00437-8","article-title":"Cortical networks for working memory and executive functions sustain the conscious resting state in man.","volume":"54","author":"Mazoyer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Research Bulletin"},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1162\/089892903321593117","article-title":"A parametric manipulation of factors affecting task-induced deactivation in functional neuroimaging.","volume":"15","author":"McKiernan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1162\/089892903321593117","article-title":"A parametric manipulation of factors affecting task-induced deactivation in functional neuroimaging.","volume":"15","author":"McKiernan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2006.10.041","article-title":"Functional imaging: Is the resting brain resting?","volume":"16","author":"Miall","year":"2006","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0807933106","article-title":"Source modeling sleep slow waves.","volume":"106","author":"Murphy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/11.12.1150","article-title":"Task-dependency of the neural correlates of episodic encoding as measured by fMRI.","volume":"11","author":"Otten","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(01)00454-7","article-title":"When more means less: Neural activity related to unsuccessful memory encoding.","volume":"11","author":"Otten","year":"2001","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.98.2.676","article-title":"A default mode of brain function.","volume":"98","author":"Raichle","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.02.041","article-title":"A default mode of brain function: A brief history of an evolving idea.","volume":"37","author":"Raichle","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2213","article-title":"Remembering the past to imagine the future: The prospective brain.","volume":"8","author":"Schacter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2008.03.013","article-title":"Minds at rest? Social cognition as the default mode of cognizing and its putative relationship to the \u201cdefault system\u201d of the brain.","volume":"17","author":"Schilbach","year":"2008","journal-title":"Consciousness and Cognition"},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5587-06.2007","article-title":"Dissociable intrinsic connectivity networks for salience processing and executive control.","volume":"27","author":"Seeley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(00)03007-9","article-title":"Why do we sleep?","volume":"886","author":"Sejnowski","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/7.3.193","article-title":"Top\u2013down modulation of early sensory cortex.","volume":"7","author":"Shulman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1997.9.5.648","article-title":"Common blood flow changes across visual tasks .2. Decreases in cerebral cortex.","volume":"9","author":"Shulman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18760","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0708803104","article-title":"Selective changes of resting-state networks in individuals at risk for Alzheimer's disease.","volume":"104","author":"Sorg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R65","volume-title":"Co-planar sterotaxic atlas of the human brain.","author":"Talairach","year":"1988"},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2869.2000.00225.x","article-title":"Neural basis of alertness and cognitive performance impairments during sleepiness: I. Effects of 24 h of sleep deprivation on waking human regional brain activity.","volume":"9","author":"Thomas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Sleep Research"},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R57","first-page":"199","article-title":"Neural basis of alertness and cognitive performance impairments during sleepiness: II. Effects of 48 and 72 h of sleep deprivation on waking human regional brain activity.","volume":"2","author":"Thomas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Thalamus & Related Systems"},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2006.02.022","article-title":"Altered resting-state functional connectivity patterns of anterior cingulate cortex in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.","volume":"400","author":"Tian","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroscience Letters"},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2003.09.004","article-title":"Sleep and synaptic homeostasis: A hypothesis.","volume":"62","author":"Tononi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Research Bulletin"},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2005.05.002","article-title":"Sleep function and synaptic homeostasis.","volume":"10","author":"Tononi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sleep Medicine Reviews"},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02223","article-title":"Sleep inspires insight.","volume":"427","author":"Wagner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.56.091103.070307","article-title":"Sleep, memory and plasticity.","volume":"10","author":"Walker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1851","article-title":"A deficit in the ability to form new human memories without sleep.","volume":"10","author":"Yoo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072900422564500_R64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2007.02.006","article-title":"Altered default mode network activity in patient with anxiety disorders: An fMRI study.","volume":"63","author":"Zhao","year":"2007","journal-title":"European Journal Radiology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/22\/8\/1637\/1939423\/jocn.2009.21331.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/22\/8\/1637\/1939423\/jocn.2009.21331.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]],"date-time":"2021-07-28T20:49:26Z","timestamp":1627505366000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article\/22\/8\/1637\/4894\/The-Unrested-Resting-Brain-Sleep-Deprivation"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,1]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn.2009.21331","relation":{},"ISSN":["0898-929X","1530-8898"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0898-929X","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-8898","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2010,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,1]]}}}