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Although previous research on navigation has demonstrated how the spatial configuration of corridors and doorways guide locomotion, it remains unclear whether architectural elements (e.g., doors, windows, stairs) that require direct interaction evoke distinct, action-specific representations in the brain. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate whether the passive perception of such elements (viewed without any intention to act) spontaneously recruits motor-related brain networks and whether these activations are specific to the actions implied by each element. fMRI data were collected from 31 participants during passive viewing of each architectural element followed by imagery of four actions: one reflecting the element's primary function, one representing manipulation, and two corresponding to peripheral actions. Using multi-voxel pattern analysis, we created classification ratio maps to identify action\u2013architectural element associations. Our analyses revealed that passive perception significantly elicits neural patterns aligned with the elements' primary function while also encoding sensorimotor representations of the required interactions. Furthermore, our results show that this anticipatory process activates motor-related regions, including premotor cortex and the dorsal visual pathway. These results underscore the crucial role of action simulation in architectural perception and demonstrate the brain's readiness to engage with environmental affordances at the sensorimotor level. Consequently, we propose possibilities for a neuroscience-informed design, suggesting that architecture can be optimized to align with the embodied nature of human cognition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.a.2486","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T22:14:09Z","timestamp":1771452849000},"page":"1484-1500","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Neural Basis of Action Simulation in Architectural Perception: A Multi-voxel Pattern Analysis Study"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2058-1095","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wooree","family":"Shin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Life Science Research Institute, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6493-8575","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Youngjo","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, and Emory University, Atlanta"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0827-2735","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jaeseung","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026062917024731500_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.3390\/biology13040220","article-title":"Neuroarchitecture: How the perception of our surroundings impacts the brain","volume":"13","author":"Abbas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"2026062917024731500_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195161984.001.0001","volume-title":"How buildings work: The natural order of architecture","author":"Allen","year":"2005"},{"key":"2026062917024731500_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X10000853","article-title":"Neural reuse: A fundamental organizational principle of the brain","volume":"33","author":"Anderson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behavioral and Brain Sciences"},{"key":"2026062917024731500_bib4","volume-title":"Neuroscience: Exploring the brain","author":"Bear","year":"2020","edition":"Enhanced ed."},{"key":"2026062917024731500_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1162\/089892903770007380","article-title":"FMRI responses to video and point-light displays of moving humans and manipulable objects","volume":"15","author":"Beauchamp","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026062917024731500_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2505","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-019-01901-0","article-title":"Parsing rooms: The role of the PPA and RSC in perceiving object relations and spatial layout","volume":"224","author":"Bilali\u0107","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Structure and Function"},{"key":"2026062917024731500_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4793","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1618228114","article-title":"Coding of navigational affordances in the human visual system","volume":"114","author":"Bonner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2026062917024731500_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2000.0635","article-title":"Representation of manipulable man-made objects in the dorsal stream","volume":"12","author":"Chao","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2026062917024731500_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3758\/bf03196346","article-title":"Is there a geometric module for spatial orientation? 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