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Most human category learning studies involve brief paradigms lasting a few hours and show increased shape tuning in visual areas and task-dependent responses in PFC. Other studies also identify a \u201cfrontal bottleneck\u201d that limits multitasking. However, real-world categorization often involves months or years of practice, potentially producing qualitative shifts toward automaticity. We tested the hypothesis that extensive training causes a spatio-temporal shift in the neural circuitry supporting categorization. Participants were trained over &amp;gt;30,000 trials across 5\u201310 weeks to categorize novel morphed car stimuli via a mobile app. We used fMRI and EEG rapid adaptation techniques to examine neural responses after initial learning (\u223c4 hr in 1\u20132 weeks) and after extensive training (\u223c16 additional hours over another 4\u20138 weeks). Converging fMRI and EEG results showed that extensive training fundamentally remodeled task-related circuitry: Visual areas in ventral occipito-temporal cortex (vOTC) were initially shape-selective, but category-selective responses emerged in the vOTC after extensive training. The vOTC also showed decreased functional connectivity with the PFC and increased connectivity with motor output areas. This supports the hypothesis that extensive experience enables category decisions to occur outside of the \u201cfrontal bottleneck.\u201d Critically, the decrease in connectivity between vOTC and PFC was associated with improved categorization performance while dual tasking, indicating increased automaticity. These findings demonstrate that prolonged training reshapes the neural basis of categorization, shifting it from a flexible but attentionally controlled process to a more streamlined, automatic process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.a.2618","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T07:02:31Z","timestamp":1780556551000},"page":"1764-1786","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Extensive Experience Remodels Neural Task Circuitry to Escape the Frontal Bottleneck and Increase Automaticity of Categorization"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Patrick H.","family":"Cox","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgetown University Medical Center"},{"name":"Lehigh University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara A.","family":"Scholl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgetown 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