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Here, we tested the effects of anticipated perceptual interference (in Experiment 1) and anticipated interference task (in Experiment 2) on reactivation of LTMs in WM using contralateral delay activity (CDA) in the EEG. On each trial, participants saw one or three previously studied or novel objects that were tested after a brief retention interval. In half of the blocks, the retention contained perceptual distractors (Experiment 1) or an interference task (Experiment 2). The CDA prior to the interference period was lower for studied than for novel items and was unaffected by anticipated interference, with no interaction between interference expectation and memory type. Additionally, we measured contralateral alpha power suppression as an index of spatial attention. We found that spatial attention allocated to the memorized objects' locations also was not modulated with anticipated interference. These findings indicate that anticipating interference does not influence the extent to which WM is engaged in representing information stored in LTM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.a.2625","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T16:22:26Z","timestamp":1780071746000},"page":"1910-1921","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Memory Reactivation Levels Remain Unaffected by Anticipated Interference"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5739-3509","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nursena","family":"Ataseven","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sabanc\u0131 University, Istanbul, Turkey"},{"name":"University of Groningen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u0130. Efsane","family":"Alg\u0131n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sabanc\u0131 University, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duygu","family":"Y\u00fccel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sabanc\u0131 University, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berna","family":"G\u00fcler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sabanc\u0131 University, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lara","family":"Todorova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sabanc\u0131 University, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2450-4345","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Keisuke","family":"Fukuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto"},{"name":"University of Toronto Mississauga"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eren","family":"G\u00fcnseli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sabanc\u0131 University, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026091014205100700_bib1","article-title":"Brain Products GmbH","author":"ActiCHamp Plus","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026091014205100700_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01233","article-title":"Contralateral delay activity tracks fluctuations in working memory performance","volume":"30","author":"Adam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026091014205100700_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-018-1543-6","article-title":"Multiple high-reward items can be prioritized in working memory but with greater vulnerability to interference","volume":"80","author":"Allen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics"},{"key":"2026091014205100700_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-011-0218-3","article-title":"Orienting attention to locations in mental representations","volume":"74","author":"Astle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics"},{"key":"2026091014205100700_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3758\/MC.36.1.74","article-title":"False working memories? 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