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In this study, we investigated how WM-related neural activity evolves across nocturnal sleep and how these changes relate to neural processing during SOs. Participants performed a WM task during fMRI before and after sleep, with simultaneous EEG\u2013fMRI capturing neural activity during the first 2.5 hr of sleep. Our results showed significant overnight changes in WM-related activity, characterized by reduced recruitment of the dorsal precuneus during WM encoding\/maintenance phases and frontal regions during the retrieval phase of WM. In addition, sleep increased item-specific reinstatement in a sensory processing region during WM. This pattern of results suggests a combined influence of sleep on enhancing sensory reinstatement while reducing potential top\u2013down control (i.e., reduced parietal and frontal activity). Critically, SO-related activity was directly linked to overnight activity changes: Stronger SO activation in the premotor cortex and ventromedial pFC predicted greater overnight reductions in WM-related activity, and multivoxel analyses in the ventral attention network revealed a parallel relationship. These findings suggest that SOs play a critical role in WM function by facilitating the reorganization of WM-related processing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.a.2677","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T18:27:18Z","timestamp":1785176838000},"page":"2141-2163","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Slow Oscillations Modulate Overnight Brain Changes in Working Memory Function"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4452-5111","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School"},{"name":"Athinoula A. 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