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Although considerable evidence supports segmental prediction, less is known about whether listeners can form predictions about suprasegmental features such as lexical tone. This study investigates whether listeners can generate and neurally represent predicted tonal information in the absence of auditory input. Using a Mandarin Chinese tone sandhi paradigm, we established tonal predictions based on sentence and visual context, recording brain activity with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Multivariate pattern analysis showed that predicted tonal categories could be decoded from brain activity even without tonal stimuli present. These representations were localized in auditory areas, articulatory motor regions, and the right cerebellum. We also found that predicted tone representations had distinct neural substrates compared to perceived tone representations. The study provides direct neural evidence that listeners can form representations of lexical tone in predictions of auditory input. The findings expand our understanding of suprasegmental prediction in speech and highlight the cerebellum's role in linguistic prediction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.a.84","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T18:52:16Z","timestamp":1753901536000},"page":"55-70","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Neural Evidence for Tonal Prediction: Multivariate Decoding of Predicted Tone Categories Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4691-6685","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shun","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"South China Normal University"},{"name":"Hunan First Normal University"},{"name":"University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8328-6128","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wenjia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi'an International Studies University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8726-169X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Suiping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South China Normal University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026030415415470600_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1353\/lan.1977.0043","article-title":"Classifiers","volume":"53","author":"Allan","year":"1977","journal-title":"Language"},{"key":"2026030415415470600_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0277(99)00059-1","article-title":"Incremental interpretation at verbs: Restricting the domain of subsequent reference","volume":"73","author":"Altmann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2026030415415470600_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1551-6709.2009.01022.x","article-title":"Incrementality and prediction in human sentence processing","volume":"33","author":"Altmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"key":"2026030415415470600_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2015.08.003","article-title":"The cerebellum, internal models and prediction in \u2018non-motor\u2019 aspects of language: A critical review","volume":"161","author":"Argyropoulos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"key":"2026030415415470600_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.07.007","article-title":"A fast diffeomorphic image registration algorithm","volume":"38","author":"Ashburner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2026030415415470600_bib6","volume-title":"SPM12 manual","author":"Ashburner","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026030415415470600_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002577","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002577","article-title":"Prediction errors but not sharpened signals simulate multivoxel fMRI patterns during speech perception","volume":"14","author":"Blank","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLOS Biology"},{"key":"2026030415415470600_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2016.10.002","article-title":"Goals and strategies influence lexical prediction during sentence comprehension","volume":"93","author":"Brothers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"key":"2026030415415470600_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511486364","volume-title":"Tone sandhi: Patterns across Chinese dialects","author":"Chen","year":"2000"},{"key":"2026030415415470600_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120224","article-title":"BOLD response is more than just magnitude: Improving detection sensitivity through capturing hemodynamic profiles","volume":"277","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2026030415415470600_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24916","article-title":"Neural correlates of intonation and lexical tone in tonal and non-tonal language speakers","volume":"41","author":"Chien","year":"2020","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"2026030415415470600_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X12000477","article-title":"Whatever next? 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