{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:55:48Z","timestamp":1787018148745,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MIT Press","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In usage-based linguistic theories, the assumption that high-frequency language strings are mentally represented as unitary chunks has been invoked to account for a wide range of phenomena. However, neurocognitive evidence in support of this assumption is still lacking. In line with Gestalt psychological assumptions, we propose that a language string qualifies as a chunk if the following two conditions are simultaneously satisfied: The perception of the whole string does not involve strong activation of its individual component parts, but the component parts in isolation strongly evoke the whole. Against this background, we explore the relationship between different frequency metrics and the chunk status of derived words (e.g., \u201cgovernment,\u201d \u201cworthless\u201d) in a masked visual priming experiment with two conditions of interest. One condition investigates \u201cwhole-to-part\u201d priming (worthless\u2013WORTH), whereas the other one analyzes \u201cpart-to-whole\u201d priming (tear\u2013TEARLESS). Both conditions combine mixed-effects regression analyses of lexical decision RTs with a parametric fMRI design. Relative frequency (the frequency of the whole word relative to that of its onset-embedded part) emerges as the only frequency metric to correlate with chunk status in behavioral terms. The fMRI results show that relative frequency modulates activity in regions that have been related to morphological (de)composition or general task performance difficulty (notably left inferior frontal areas) and in regions associated with competition between whole, undecomposed words (right inferior frontal areas). We conclude that relative frequency affects early stages of processing, thereby supporting the usage-based concept of frequency-induced chunks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,15]],"date-time":"2017-03-15T09:44:40Z","timestamp":1489571080000},"page":"1162-1177","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Frequency and Chunking in Derived Words: A Parametric fMRI Study"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Alice","family":"Blumenthal-Dram\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Volkmar","family":"Glauche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Bormann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cornelius","family":"Weiller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariacristina","family":"Musso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernd","family":"Kortmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021073021101820600_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.03.019","article-title":"Attentional control of task and response in lateral and medial frontal cortex: Brain activity and reaction time distributions","volume":"47","author":"Aarts","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2021073021101820600_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1515\/TLR.2006.011","article-title":"Exemplar-learning and schematization in a usage-based account of syntactic acquisition","volume":"23","author":"Abbot-Smith","year":"2006","journal-title":"Linguistic Review"},{"key":"2021073021101820600_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2012.00232","article-title":"Morphological processing as we know it: An analytical review of morphological effects in visual word identification","volume":"3","author":"Amenta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"2021073021101820600_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1075\/ml.9.3.01arn","article-title":"Time and again: The changing effect of word and multiword frequency on phonetic duration for highly frequent sequences","volume":"9","author":"Arnon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mental Lexicon"},{"key":"2021073021101820600_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.02.018","article-title":"Unified segmentation","volume":"26","author":"Ashburner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021073021101820600_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2007.12.005","article-title":"Mixed-effects modeling with crossed random effects for subjects and items","volume":"59","author":"Baayen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"key":"2021073021101820600_R7","volume-title":"The CELEX lexical database (release 2) [cd-rom]","author":"Baayen","year":"1995"},{"key":"2021073021101820600_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193014","article-title":"The English Lexicon Project","volume":"39","author":"Balota","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"2021073021101820600_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110294002","volume-title":"Entrenchment in usage-based theories: What corpus data do and do not reveal about the mind","author":"Blumenthal-Dram\u00e9","year":"2012"},{"key":"2021073021101820600_R10","article-title":"Entrenchment from a psycholinguistic and neurolinguistic perspective","volume-title":"Entrenchment, memory and automaticity. 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