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Adult clinical neuropsychology: Lessons from studies of the frontal lobes. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 401\u2013433, 2002]. Across executive functioning tasks, performance deficits are often quantified as the number of false alarms per total number of nontarget trials. However, most studies of frontal lobe function focus on individual task performance and do not discuss commonalities of errors committed across different tasks. Here, we describe a neurocognitive account that explores the link between deficient frontal lobe function and increased false alarms across an array of experimental tasks from a variety of task domains. We review evidence for heightened false alarms following frontal deficits in episodic long-term memory tests, working memory tasks (e.g., n-back), attentional tasks (e.g., continuous performance tasks), interference control tasks (e.g., recent probes), and inhibitory control tasks (e.g., go\/no-go). We examine this relationship via neuroimaging studies, lesion studies, and across age groups and pathologies that impact the pFC, and we propose 11 issues in cognitive processing that can result in false alarms. In our review, some overlapping neural regions were implicated in the regulation of false alarms. Ultimately, however, we find evidence for the fractionation and localization of certain frontal processes related to the commission of specific types of false alarms. We outline avenues for additional research that will enable further delineation of the fractionation of the frontal lobes' regulation of false alarms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01683","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,7]],"date-time":"2021-02-07T04:30:01Z","timestamp":1612672201000},"page":"1657-1678","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A Frontal Account of False Alarms"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Sara B.","family":"Festini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tampa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Katz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Tech"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021081018260225600_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.10.036","article-title":"Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex involvement in memory post-retrieval monitoring revealed in both item and associative recognition tests","volume":"24","author":"Achim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021081018260225600_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2013.119","article-title":"Influence of alcohol use on neural response to go\/no-go task in college drinkers","volume":"38","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"2021081018260225600_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg128","article-title":"California Verbal Learning Test: Performance by patients with focal frontal and non-frontal lesions","volume":"126","author":"Alexander","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2021081018260225600_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2009.21094","article-title":"Impaired list learning is not a general property of frontal lesions","volume":"21","author":"Alexander","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021081018260225600_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbp113","article-title":"Altered prefrontal and hippocampal function during verbal encoding and recognition in people with prodromal symptoms of psychosis","volume":"37","author":"Allen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Bulletin"},{"key":"2021081018260225600_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2011.07.043","article-title":"Damage to the lateral prefrontal cortex impairs familiarity but not recollection","volume":"225","author":"Aly","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behavioural Brain Research"},{"key":"2021081018260225600_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2017.04.018","article-title":"Addressing the selective role of distinct prefrontal areas in response suppression: A study with brain tumor patients","volume":"100","author":"Arbula","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2021081018260225600_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2013.12.003","article-title":"Inhibition and the right inferior frontal cortex: One decade on","volume":"18","author":"Aron","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2021081018260225600_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.3758\/s13421-011-0072-5","article-title":"Resolving semantic and proactive interference in memory over the short-term","volume":"39","author":"Atkins","year":"2011","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"key":"2021081018260225600_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3758\/MC.36.1.74","article-title":"False working memories? 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