{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T23:55:14Z","timestamp":1789343714702,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MIT Press","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>People with multiple sclerosis (MS) often present with cognitive deficits that cannot fully be attributed to focal brain alterations. Whole-brain network changes show stronger relations, but MS network insights have mostly focused on either structural or functional (single-layer) networks, while recent work has shown the importance of multilayer frontoparietal network integration for cognition. Here, we explored the cognitive relevance of multilayer integration of the frontoparietal network in relapsing\u2013remitting MS (n = 780) using diffusion and resting-state fMRI. Cognitive relations were first assessed for nodal multilayer eigenvector centrality, averaged over frontoparietal network nodes as a measure of integration, and post hoc for mean eccentricity for both single layer and multilayers. Higher multilayer frontoparietal network centrality was associated with worse Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) performance (\u03b2 = \u2212.117, p = .005). Mean eccentricity of single-layer diffusion (\u03b2 = \u2212.123, p &amp;lt; .001) and multilayer networks (\u03b2 = .085, p = .018) were associated with SDMT performance. However, results could not be replicated using a different anatomical parcellation. This study showed that cognition in MS is related to multilayer network parameters. Nevertheless, correlations were weak and atlas specific, suggesting that a binary structure\u2013function multilayer network approach is not particularly relevant as a correlate of cognition in MS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/netn.a.545","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T15:39:42Z","timestamp":1768405182000},"page":"400-417","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Structure\u2013function multilayer network integration and\n                    cognition in multiple sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8620-3017","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lucas C.","family":"Breedt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Pontillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Departments of Advanced Biomedical Sciences and Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Naples \u201cFederico II,\u201d Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando A. N.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Dutch Institute for Emergent Phenomena (DIEP), Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Vriend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferran","family":"Prados","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"E-Health Center, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alle Meije","family":"Wink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alvino","family":"Bisecco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli,\u201d Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Cagol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINK) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Genova"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Calabrese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, 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Stefano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Enzinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Filippi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Neurorehabilitation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Neurophysiology Service, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Gallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli,\u201d Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Gonzalez-Escamilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Movement Disorders, Neurostimulation and Neuroimaging, University Medicine Mainz, Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Granziera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINK) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, 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Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Llufriu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit and Laboratory of Advanced Imaging in Neuroimmunological Diseases (ImaginEM), Hospital Clinic and Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eloy","family":"Martinez-Heras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit and Laboratory of Advanced Imaging in Neuroimmunological Diseases (ImaginEM), Hospital Clinic and Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Solana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit 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O.","family":"Nygaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Palace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Pinter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mara A.","family":"Rocca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 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