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Does the brain adapt to the specific details of individual grammatical systems? Here, we present a magnetoencephalography (MEG) study on case and agreement in Hindi and Nepali. Both languages use split-ergative case systems. However, these systems interact with verb agreement differently\u2014in Hindi, case features conspire to determine which noun phrase (NP) the verb agrees with (subject, object, or neither), but in Nepali the verb always agrees with the subject NP. We found that NPs with different case values elicit different MEG signals around 200\u2013500 and 600\u2013900 ms. In subsequent exploratory analyses, we failed to find a reliable difference in this brain activity between the two languages corresponding to the different relations between case and agreement. However, we identified a portion of the left temporoparietal junction as exhibiting a statistically nonsignificant effect that may warrant further investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/nol.a.247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T15:04:58Z","timestamp":1772636698000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Same Sentences, Different Grammars, Different Brain Responses?: An MEG Study on Case and Agreement Encoding in Hindi and Nepali Split-Ergative Structures"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8423-1825","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dustin A.","family":"Chac\u00f3n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA"},{"name":"New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subhekshya","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA"},{"name":"New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian W.","family":"Dillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajesh","family":"Bhatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diogo","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alec","family":"Marantz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"New York University, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2026060813250868600_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.32655\/LTBA.1.1.06","article-title":"Nepali as an ergative language","volume":"1","author":"Abadie","year":"1974","journal-title":"Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026060813250868600_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1109\/77.919433","article-title":"Reduction of non-periodic environmental magnetic noise in MEG measurement by continuously adjusted least squares method","volume":"11","author":"Adachi","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026060813250868600_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-818X.2008.00075.x","article-title":"Generative approaches to ergativity","volume":"2","author":"Aldridge","year":"2008","journal-title":"Language and Linguistics Compass"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026060813250868600_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2006.08.004","article-title":"Morphology, agreement and working memory retrieval in sentence production: Evidence from gender and case in Slovak","volume":"56","author":"Badecker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026060813250868600_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2012.11.001","article-title":"Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing: Keep it maximal","volume":"68","author":"Barr","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026060813250868600_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4","volume":"67","author":"Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"issue":"3, Part A","key":"2026060813250868600_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1134","article-title":"Event-related fMRI reveals cortical sites involved in contextual sentence integration","volume":"16","author":"Baumgaertner","year":"2002","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2026060813250868600_bib11","unstructured":"Bhatia, S.\n           (2019). 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