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These phrase types are theoretically generated through the labeling algorithm at the syntax-semantics interface. Nevertheless, previous research has focused predominantly on the syntactic system, whereas the neural basis and temporal dynamics of labeling remain poorly understood. To address this gap, we developed the Head-Anchored Labeling Manipulation approach. This method manipulates labeling by embedding the same Mandarin noun\u2013verb dual-category words as heads in tightly controlled modifier\u2013head constructions, where the head alone determines the phrase\u2019s grammatical type. The representational similarity analysis of EEG data revealed that labeling representations emerged during both the early and middle stages: 192\u2013227, 290\u2013318, 330\u2013360, and 385\u2013416 ms following the dual-category word. Labeling emerged as early as ~200 ms, concurrent with syntactic Merge, and continued into the N400 window. These results demonstrate that labeling dynamically links syntax to conceptual\u2013intentional system and generates phrase types by determining the constituent head. Its early engagement challenges syntax-first models and supports parallel interactive accounts. Moreover, combinability representations (520\u2013596 and 604\u2013632 ms), together with a late event-related brain potential negativity (420\u2013700 ms) elicited by the dual-category word in the baseline condition, reflect increased difficulty in reconciling semantic associations with atypical syntactic configurations. Together, these findings provide clear electrophysiological evidence for the temporal dynamics of labeling and elucidate the processes at the syntax-semantics interface.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/nol.a.264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T17:13:38Z","timestamp":1777050818000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Temporal Dynamics of the Labeling Algorithm During Natural Language Comprehension: Neural Evidence for Phrase Grammatical Type Generation"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2797-1466","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhenghui","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Linguistic Sciences and Arts, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China"},{"name":"College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 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