{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T04:31:58Z","timestamp":1783571518263,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"MIT Press","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":259,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P50DC014664"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50DC014664"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Recovery of language function in post-stroke aphasia is affected by many variables, including aphasia severity, age, lesion site and size, and brain health. Semantic and phonological therapies are often used to target naming abilities, and when successful their benefits can extend to discourse production, which has emerged as a promising task to evaluate language processing and recovery in aphasia. Here, after characterizing the lesion and white matter integrity predictors for discourse production before treatment, we asked whether brain integrity at baseline is predictive of treatment generalization to discourse. In a large sample of participants with chronic aphasia (N = 88), we ran region-based lesion-symptom mapping on discourse measures (including fluency, sentence processing abilities, and error types) at baseline, on discourse changes following phonological and semantic treatment separately, and at 1 month and 6 months post-treatment. Discourse productivity at baseline was associated with the integrity of regions and white matter tracts in the dorsal stream. Lesions in the hippocampal system and cortical temporal regions were associated with less improvement in discourse following both phonological and semantic treatment. Long-term improvement was instead predicted by the integrity of the fornix and temporal cortical regions, suggesting that while the hippocampal system is important for learning, learned functions rely on connectivity with cortical areas. The results suggest that the generalization of word-level treatment to discourse production is facilitated by an intact hippocampal system in the medial temporal lobe.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/nol.a.27","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T15:29:09Z","timestamp":1758122949000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Neural Predictors for the Generalization of Semantic and Phonological Treatment to Discourse Performance in Chronic Post-Stroke Aphasia"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5369-4331","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Laura","family":"Giglio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6153-8942","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Leonardo","family":"Bonilha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9255-2045","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Julius","family":"Fridriksson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0459-5369","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sigfus","family":"Kristinsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0966-1070","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Roger","family":"Newman-Norlund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7554-6142","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chris","family":"Rorden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7001-8324","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Brielle C.","family":"Stark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Program for Neuroscience, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1083-7301","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Janina","family":"Wilmskoetter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6971-7606","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dirk B.","family":"den Ouden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"2025121911204427000_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2011.09.005","article-title":"Multiple anatomical systems embedded within the primate medial temporal lobe: Implications for hippocampal function","volume":"36","author":"Aggleton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025121911204427000_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa074","article-title":"A unified model of post-stroke language deficits including discourse production and their neural correlates","volume":"143","author":"Alyahya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025121911204427000_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00336-7","article-title":"How to correct susceptibility distortions in spin-echo echo-planar images: Application to diffusion tensor imaging","volume":"20","author":"Andersson","year":"2003","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025121911204427000_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.02.018","article-title":"Unified segmentation","volume":"26","author":"Ashburner","year":"2005","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025121911204427000_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4","volume":"67","author":"Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025121911204427000_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/0911-6044(96)00006-1","article-title":"Cinderella revisited: A comparison of fluent and non-fluent aphasic speech","volume":"9","author":"Bird","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Neurolinguistics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025121911204427000_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968315593808","article-title":"Success of anomia treatment in aphasia is associated with preserved architecture of global and left temporal lobe structural networks","volume":"30","author":"Bonilha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair"},{"key":"2025121911204427000_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 215380","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/215380","article-title":"Mapping remote subcortical ramifications of injury after ischemic strokes","volume":"2014","author":"Bonilha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behavioural Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025121911204427000_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.004137","article-title":"Assessing the clinical effect of residual cortical disconnection after ischemic strokes","volume":"45","author":"Bonilha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025121911204427000_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2007.03.023","article-title":"Lesion correlates of conversational speech production deficits","volume":"45","author":"Borovsky","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025121911204427000_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360.0404.94","article-title":"Application of semantic feature analysis as a treatment for aphasic dysnomia","volume":"4","author":"Boyle","year":"1995","journal-title":"American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025121911204427000_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1080\/02687038.2021.1907295","article-title":"A longitudinal study of narrative discourse in post-stroke aphasia","volume":"36","author":"Brisebois","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025121911204427000_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1080\/02687038.2013.803514","article-title":"Propositional idea density in aphasic discourse","volume":"27","author":"Bryant","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025121911204427000_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2008.05.004","article-title":"A diffusion tensor imaging tractography atlas for virtual in vivo dissections","volume":"44","author":"Catani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025121911204427000_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2016.10.006","article-title":"Expanding the language network: Direct contributions from the hippocampus","volume":"20","author":"Covington","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025121911204427000_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1080\/02687030444000598","article-title":"PACE revisited","volume":"19","author":"Davis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025121911204427000_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroling.2008.10.004","article-title":"Argument structure effects in action verb naming in static and dynamic conditions","volume":"22","author":"den Ouden","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Neurolinguistics"},{"key":"2025121911204427000_bib18","article-title":"Narrative discourse measures as predictors of response to naming intervention in aphasia","author":"den Ouden","year":"2025"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025121911204427000_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24514","article-title":"Cortical and structural-connectivity damage correlated with impaired syntactic processing in aphasia","volume":"40","author":"den Ouden","year":"2019","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"2025121911204427000_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2022.10.004","article-title":"Baseline structural imaging correlates of treatment outcomes in semantic variant primary progressive aphasia","volume":"158","author":"Dial","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025121911204427000_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article fcad310","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcad310","article-title":"Impaired discourse content in aphasia is associated with frontal white matter damage","volume":"5","author":"Ding","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Communications"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025121911204427000_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1080\/02687030802291339","article-title":"Effect of Verb Network Strengthening Treatment (VNeST) on lexical retrieval of content words in sentences in persons with aphasia","volume":"23","author":"Edmonds","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025121911204427000_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1080\/02687038.2014.975180","article-title":"Investigation of pretreatment sentence production impairments in individuals with aphasia: Towards understanding the linguistic variables that impact generalisation in Verb Network Strengthening Treatment","volume":"29","author":"Edmonds","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025121911204427000_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2017.74","article-title":"Prefrontal\u2013hippocampal interactions in episodic memory","volume":"18","author":"Eichenbaum","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025121911204427000_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4803","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhz014","article-title":"A double dissociation in sensitivity to verb and noun semantics across cortical networks","volume":"29","author":"Elli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025121911204427000_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.03.078","article-title":"Atlas-based analysis of resting-state functional connectivity: Evaluation for reproducibility and multi-modal anatomy\u2013function correlation studies","volume":"61","author":"Faria","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025121911204427000_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3838","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhaa001","article-title":"Two ways to build a thought: Distinct forms of compositional semantic representation across brain regions","volume":"30","author":"Frankland","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025121911204427000_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx363","article-title":"Anatomy of aphasia revisited","volume":"141","author":"Fridriksson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025121911204427000_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2006.12.017","article-title":"Neural correlates of phonological and semantic-based anomia treatment in aphasia","volume":"45","author":"Fridriksson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"52","key":"2025121911204427000_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15108","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1614038114","article-title":"Revealing the dual streams of speech processing","volume":"113","author":"Fridriksson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025121911204427000_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1080\/02687038.2021.1975636","article-title":"Enhancing the classification of aphasia: A statistical analysis using connected speech","volume":"36","author":"Fromm","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"key":"2025121911204427000_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-vision-030320-041115","article-title":"Anatomy and function of the primate entorhinal cortex","volume":"6","author":"Garcia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annual Review of Vision Science"},{"key":"2025121911204427000_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.11.037","article-title":"Conflict monitoring in speech processing: An fMRI study of error detection in speech production and perception","volume":"126","author":"Gauvin","year":"2016","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025121911204427000_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article e2310766121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2310766121","article-title":"Diverging neural dynamics for syntactic structure building in naturalistic speaking and listening","volume":"121","author":"Giglio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025121911204427000_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhab287","article-title":"Commonalities and asymmetries in the neurobiological infrastructure for language production and comprehension","volume":"32","author":"Giglio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2025121911204427000_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2017.08.018","article-title":"Connectome-based lesion-symptom mapping (CLSM): A novel approach to map neurological function","volume":"16","author":"Gleichgerrcht","year":"2017","journal-title":"NeuroImage: Clinical"},{"key":"2025121911204427000_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 105025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2021.105025","article-title":"Neural bases of elements of syntax during speech production in patients with aphasia","volume":"222","author":"Gleichgerrcht","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025121911204427000_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1006\/brln.1994.1063","article-title":"Influence of size and site of cerebral lesions on spontaneous recovery of aphasia and on success of language therapy","volume":"47","author":"Goldenberg","year":"1994","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025121911204427000_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1080\/02687038.2020.1712586","article-title":"How fluent? Part B. Underlying contributors to continuous measures of fluency in aphasia","volume":"34","author":"Gordon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"key":"2025121911204427000_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.10.13.22280171","article-title":"Vocabulary relearning in aphasia is supported by hippocampal memory and cortical language systems","author":"Gore","year":"2022","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025121911204427000_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2113","article-title":"The cortical organization of speech processing","volume":"8","author":"Hickok","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025121911204427000_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1080\/02687038.2016.1184221","article-title":"Long-term recovery in stroke accompanied by aphasia: A reconsideration","volume":"31","author":"Holland","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"key":"2025121911204427000_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2013.03.005","article-title":"Predicting outcome and recovery after stroke with lesions extracted from MRI images","volume":"2","author":"Hope","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroImage: Clinical"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025121911204427000_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4384","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhac350","article-title":"Precision fMRI reveals that the language-selective network supports both phrase-structure building and lexical access during language production","volume":"33","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"issue":"38","key":"2025121911204427000_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23898","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2009576117","article-title":"Rapid hippocampal plasticity supports motor sequence learning","volume":"117","author":"Jacobacci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025121911204427000_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.09.015","article-title":"FSL","volume":"62","author":"Jenkinson","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025121911204427000_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1044\/2018_AJSLP-18-0123","article-title":"Progression of aphasia severity in the chronic stages of stroke","volume":"28","author":"Johnson","year":"2019","journal-title":"American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology"},{"key":"2025121911204427000_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2022.06.013","article-title":"Predictors beyond the lesion: Health and demographic factors associated with aphasia severity","volume":"154","author":"Johnson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"2025121911204427000_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 102742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2021.102742","article-title":"Altered hippocampal functional connectivity patterns in patients with cognitive impairments following ischaemic stroke: A resting-state fMRI study","volume":"32","author":"Jung","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeuroImage: Clinical"},{"key":"2025121911204427000_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/t15168-000","volume-title":"Western Aphasia Battery\u2013Revised","author":"Kertesz","year":"2007"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025121911204427000_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1044\/2022_JSLHR-22-00347","article-title":"Predicting outcomes of language rehabilitation: Prognostic factors for immediate and long-term outcomes after aphasia therapy","volume":"66","author":"Kristinsson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025121911204427000_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article fcab174","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcab174","article-title":"Individualized response to semantic versus phonological aphasia therapies in stroke","volume":"3","author":"Kristinsson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Communications"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025121911204427000_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article fcac252","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcac252","article-title":"Brain age predicts long-term recovery in post-stroke aphasia","volume":"4","author":"Kristinsson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Communications"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025121911204427000_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2016.150","article-title":"The neural and computational bases of semantic cognition","volume":"18","author":"Lambon Ralph","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025121911204427000_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2017.09.005","article-title":"Segmentation of the inferior longitudinal fasciculus in the human brain: A white matter dissection and diffusion tensor tractography study","volume":"1675","author":"Latini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025121911204427000_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1080\/02687030701831474","article-title":"Treating naming impairments in aphasia: Findings from a phonological components analysis treatment","volume":"22","author":"Leonard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025121911204427000_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article e14466","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14466","article-title":"Combination of fMRI and PET reveals the beneficial effect of three-phase enriched environment on post-stroke memory deficits by enhancing plasticity of brain connectivity between hippocampus and peri-hippocampal cortex","volume":"30","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics"},{"key":"2025121911204427000_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315805641","volume-title":"The CHILDES project: Tools for analyzing talk, Vol. 2: The database","author":"MacWhinney","year":"2000"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025121911204427000_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1080\/02687038.2011.589893","article-title":"AphasiaBank: Methods for studying discourse","volume":"25","author":"MacWhinney","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025121911204427000_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1162\/nol_a_00015","article-title":"Brain structures and cognitive abilities important for the self-monitoring of speech errors","volume":"1","author":"Mandal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Language"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025121911204427000_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1162\/nol_a_00010","article-title":"Agrammatism and paragrammatism: A cortical double dissociation revealed by lesion-symptom mapping","volume":"1","author":"Matchin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Language"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025121911204427000_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1080\/02687030344000148","article-title":"Functional measures of naming in aphasia: Word retrieval in confrontation naming versus connected speech","volume":"17","author":"Mayer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"key":"2025121911204427000_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 102934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2021.102934","article-title":"Structural disconnection of the posterior medial frontal cortex reduces speech error monitoring","volume":"33","author":"McCall","year":"2022","journal-title":"NeuroImage: Clinical"},{"issue":"1799","key":"2025121911204427000_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 20190637","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2019.0637","article-title":"Integration of new information in memory: New insights from a complementary learning systems perspective","volume":"375","author":"McClelland","year":"2020","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025121911204427000_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.102.3.419","article-title":"Why there are complementary learning systems in the hippocampus and neocortex: Insights from the successes and failures of connectionist models of learning and memory","volume":"102","author":"McClelland","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025121911204427000_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-019-00118-3","article-title":"The utility of lesion classification in predicting language and treatment outcomes in chronic stroke-induced aphasia","volume":"13","author":"Meier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Imaging and Behavior"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025121911204427000_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1080\/23273798.2021.1980593","article-title":"Dysfunctional tissue correlates of unrelated naming errors in acute left hemisphere stroke","volume":"37","author":"Meier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Language, Cognition and Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025121911204427000_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.06.004","article-title":"Integrity of the hippocampus and surrounding white matter is correlated with language training success in aphasia","volume":"53","author":"Meinzer","year":"2010","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2025121911204427000_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2014.12.005","article-title":"How the brain processes different dimensions of argument structure complexity: Evidence from fMRI","volume":"142","author":"Meltzer-Asscher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025121911204427000_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1080\/01690965.2012.672754","article-title":"The neural substrates of complex argument structure representations: Processing \u2018alternating transitivity\u2019 verbs","volume":"28","author":"Meltzer-Asscher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Language and Cognitive Processes"},{"key":"2025121911204427000_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-10-118","article-title":"Imaging short- and long-term training success in chronic aphasia","volume":"10","author":"Menke","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Neuroscience"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025121911204427000_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-019-00729-9","article-title":"Mapping articulatory and grammatical subcomponents of fluency deficits in post-stroke aphasia","volume":"19","author":"Mirman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025121911204427000_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.10.002","article-title":"Enantiomorphic normalization of focally lesioned brains","volume":"39","author":"Nachev","year":"2008","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025121911204427000_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1162\/nol_a_00120","article-title":"Cerebellar atrophy and language processing in chronic left-hemisphere stroke","volume":"5","author":"Newman-Norlund","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Language"},{"issue":"10\u201311","key":"2025121911204427000_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1080\/02687030244000563","article-title":"Therapy for naming disorders: Revisiting, revising, and reviewing","volume":"16","author":"Nickels","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025121911204427000_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogpsych.2011.05.001","article-title":"Is comprehension necessary for error detection? A conflict-based account of monitoring in speech production","volume":"63","author":"Nozari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025121911204427000_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac070","article-title":"Cholinergic and hippocampal systems facilitate cross-domain cognitive recovery after stroke","volume":"145","author":"O\u2019Sullivan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"40","key":"2025121911204427000_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11366","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1603312113","article-title":"Direct brain recordings reveal hippocampal rhythm underpinnings of language processing","volume":"113","author":"Piai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025121911204427000_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 910","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12070910","article-title":"Neuroanatomical correlates of semantic features of narrative speech in semantic and logopenic variants of primary progressive aphasia","volume":"12","author":"Quaranta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sciences"},{"key":"2025121911204427000_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 103602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2024.103602","article-title":"Discourse- and lesion-based aphasia quotient estimation using machine learning","volume":"42","author":"Riccardi","year":"2024","journal-title":"NeuroImage: Clinical"},{"issue":"1S","key":"2025121911204427000_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1044\/2017_AJSLP-16-0211","article-title":"The relationship between confrontation naming and story gist production in aphasia","volume":"27","author":"Richardson","year":"2018","journal-title":"American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025121911204427000_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.03.020","article-title":"Age-specific CT and MRI templates for spatial normalization","volume":"61","author":"Rorden","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"13","key":"2025121911204427000_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8557","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhad140","article-title":"Diabetes, brain health, and treatment gains in post-stroke aphasia","volume":"33","author":"Roth","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2025121911204427000_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 103243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103243","article-title":"The role of the hippocampus in statistical learning and language recovery in persons with post stroke aphasia","volume":"36","author":"Schevenels","year":"2022","journal-title":"NeuroImage: Clinical"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025121911204427000_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.02.024","article-title":"Tract-based spatial statistics: Voxelwise analysis of multi-subject diffusion data","volume":"31","author":"Smith","year":"2006","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025121911204427000_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03530310034029","article-title":"Linguistic ability in early life and cognitive function and Alzheimer\u2019s disease in late life: Findings from the nun study","volume":"275","author":"Snowdon","year":"1996","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025121911204427000_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1044\/2019_AJSLP-18-0265","article-title":"A comparison of three discourse elicitation methods in aphasia and age-matched adults: Implications for language assessment and outcome","volume":"28","author":"Stark","year":"2019","journal-title":"American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025121911204427000_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2316","DOI":"10.1044\/2023_JSLHR-22-00266","article-title":"Test\u2013retest reliability of microlinguistic information derived from spoken discourse in persons with chronic aphasia","volume":"66","author":"Stark","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"key":"2025121911204427000_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2019.02.029","article-title":"Neural organization of speech production: A lesion-based study of error patterns in connected speech","volume":"117","author":"Stark","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025121911204427000_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1080\/02687038.2022.2039372","article-title":"Best practice guidelines for reporting spoken discourse in aphasia and neurogenic communication disorders","volume":"37","author":"Stark","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025121911204427000_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4366","DOI":"10.1044\/2021_JSLHR-20-00708","article-title":"Spoken discourse assessment and analysis in aphasia: An international survey of current practices","volume":"64","author":"Stark","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"issue":"32","key":"2025121911204427000_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10087","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0799-09.2009","article-title":"Shift from hippocampal to neocortical centered retrieval network with consolidation","volume":"29","author":"Takashima","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025121911204427000_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0507774103","article-title":"Declarative memory consolidation in humans: A prospective functional magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"103","author":"Takashima","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025121911204427000_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1162\/nol_a_00088","article-title":"Predictive coding and internal error correction in speech production","volume":"4","author":"Teghipco","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Language"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025121911204427000_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2003\/047)","article-title":"The role of syntactic complexity in treatment of sentence deficits in agrammatic aphasia","volume":"46","author":"Thompson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"key":"2025121911204427000_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.10.017","article-title":"Relative contributions of lesion location and lesion size to predictions of varied language deficits in post-stroke aphasia","volume":"20","author":"Thye","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage: Clinical"},{"key":"2025121911204427000_bib97","volume-title":"The construction and use of a propositional text base","author":"Turner","year":"1977"},{"key":"2025121911204427000_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 831","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00831","article-title":"Predicting speech fluency and naming abilities in aphasic patients","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025121911204427000_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1080\/02687038.2015.1027169","article-title":"Is it time to stop \u201cfishing\u201d? A review of generalisation following aphasia intervention","volume":"29","author":"Webster","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025121911204427000_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1080\/02687038.2015.1071128","article-title":"Generalisation: Exploring change across language levels","volume":"29","author":"Whitworth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025121911204427000_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1096-21.2021","article-title":"Language recovery after brain injury: A structural network control theory study","volume":"42","author":"Wilmskoetter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025121911204427000_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac129","article-title":"Recovery from aphasia in the first year after stroke","volume":"146","author":"Wilson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025121911204427000_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1080\/02687030902732745","article-title":"A meta-analysis of word-finding treatments for aphasia","volume":"23","author":"Wisenburn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"key":"2025121911204427000_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 962304","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/962304","article-title":"Effect of integrated cognitive therapy on hippocampal functional connectivity patterns in stroke patients with cognitive dysfunction: A resting-state fMRI study","volume":"2014","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine"},{"key":"2025121911204427000_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2015.09.005","article-title":"Predicting aphasia type from brain damage measured with structural MRI","volume":"73","author":"Yourganov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cortex"}],"container-title":["Neurobiology of Language"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/nol\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1162\/NOL.a.27\/2554184\/nol.a.27.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/nol\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1162\/NOL.a.27\/2554184\/nol.a.27.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T16:20:48Z","timestamp":1766161248000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/nol\/article\/doi\/10.1162\/NOL.a.27\/133193\/Neural-Predictors-for-the-Generalization-of"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":105,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/nol.a.27","relation":{},"ISSN":["2641-4368"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2641-4368","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"article-number":"NOL.a.27"}}