{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T05:36:15Z","timestamp":1784957775513,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MIT Press","issue":"3","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21DC015853"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21DC015853"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Z1A-000046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z1A-000046"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DC011277"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DC011277"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21DC015312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21DC015312"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Matthew K. Smith Stuttering Research Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mitpressjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurobiology of Language"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Developmental stuttering is a childhood onset neurodevelopmental disorder with an unclear etiology. Subtle changes in brain structure and function are present in both children and adults who stutter. It is a highly heritable disorder, and 12\u201320% of stuttering cases may carry a mutation in one of four genes involved in intracellular trafficking. To better understand the relationship between genetics and neuroanatomical changes, we used gene expression data from the Allen Institute for Brain Science and voxel-based morphometry to investigate the spatial correspondence between gene expression patterns and differences in gray matter volume between children with persistent stuttering ( n = 26, and 87 scans) and their fluent peers ( n = 44, and 139 scans). We found that the expression patterns of two stuttering-related genes ( GNPTG and NAGPA) from the Allen Institute data exhibited a strong positive spatial correlation with the magnitude of between-group gray matter volume differences. Additional gene set enrichment analyses revealed that genes whose expression was highly correlated with the gray matter volume differences were enriched for glycolysis and oxidative metabolism in mitochondria. Because our current study did not examine the participants\u2019 genomes, these results cannot establish the direct association between genetic mutations and gray matter volume differences in stuttering. However, our results support further study of the involvement of lysosomal enzyme targeting genes, as well as energy metabolism in stuttering. Future studies assessing variations of these genes in the participants\u2019 genomes may lead to increased understanding of the biological mechanisms of the observed spatial relationship between gene expression and gray matter volume.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/nol_a_00017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,5]],"date-time":"2020-06-05T15:48:04Z","timestamp":1591372084000},"page":"365-380","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Linking Lysosomal Enzyme Targeting Genes and Energy Metabolism with Altered Gray Matter Volume in Children with Persistent Stuttering"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Ho Ming","family":"Chow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Delaware, Newark, DE"},{"name":"Katzin Diagnostic & Research PET\/MRI Center, Nemours\/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1490-9541","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Emily O.","family":"Garnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Katzin Diagnostic & Research PET\/MRI Center, Nemours\/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Etchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Sepulcre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1730-4532","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dennis","family":"Drayna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diane","family":"Chugani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Delaware, Newark, DE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4448-9525","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Soo-Eun","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI"},{"name":"Cognitive Imaging Research Center, Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI"},{"name":"Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"281","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2011.04.019","volume":"88","author":"Abou Jamra R.","year":"2011","journal-title":"American Journal of Human Genetics"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.07.007","volume":"38","author":"Ashburner J.","year":"2007","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"3","key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.02.018","volume":"26","author":"Ashburner J.","year":"2005","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"1","key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/75556","volume":"25","author":"Ashburner M.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature Genetics"},{"issue":"28","key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24855","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.221432","volume":"286","author":"Barnes J.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"issue":"8","key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2012.08.013","volume":"49","author":"Beal D. 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