{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T03:19:45Z","timestamp":1769224785773,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MIT Press","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,4]],"date-time":"2022-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664841600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NS092079"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS092079"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NS105839"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS105839"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Cerebellar involvement in language processing has received considerable attention in the neuroimaging and neuropsychology literatures. Building off the motor control literature, one account of this involvement centers on the idea of internal models. In the context of language, this hypothesis suggests that the cerebellum is essential for building semantic models that, in concert with the cerebral cortex, help anticipate or predict linguistic input. To date, supportive evidence has primarily come from neuroimaging studies showing that cerebellar activation increases in contexts in which semantic predictions are generated and violated. Taking a neuropsychological approach, we put the internal model hypothesis to the test, asking if individuals with cerebellar degeneration (n = 14) show reduced sensitivity to semantic prediction. Using a sentence verification task, we compare reaction time to sentences that vary in terms of cloze probability. We also evaluated a more constrained variant of the prediction hypothesis, asking if the cerebellum facilitates the generation of semantic predictions when the content of a sentence refers to a dynamic rather than static mental transformation. The results failed to support either hypothesis: Compared to matched control participants (n = 17), individuals with cerebellar degeneration showed a similar reduction in reaction time for sentences with high cloze probability and no selective impairment in predictions involving dynamic transformations. These results challenge current theorizing about the role of the cerebellum in language processing, pointing to a misalignment between neuroimaging and neuropsychology research on this topic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/nol_a_00083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,4]],"date-time":"2022-10-04T18:54:14Z","timestamp":1664909654000},"page":"635-651","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["No Evidence for Semantic Prediction Deficits in Individuals With Cerebellar Degeneration"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5374-1011","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maedbh","family":"King","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3314-306X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sienna","family":"Bruinsma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4728-5130","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Richard B.","family":"Ivry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA"},{"name":"Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2024081615142991200_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1159\/000266295","article-title":"Speech rate and rhythm in cerebellar dysarthria: An acoustic analysis of syllabic timing","volume":"46","author":"Ackermann","year":"1994","journal-title":"Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024081615142991200_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2011.03.012","article-title":"Cognitive impairments due to focal cerebellar injuries in adults","volume":"48","author":"Alexander","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024081615142991200_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.8.1536","article-title":"Memory in patients with cerebellar degeneration","volume":"43","author":"Appollonio","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2024081615142991200_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-801608-4.00015-3","article-title":"Experimental use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in relation to the cerebellum and language","volume-title":"The linguistic cerebellum","author":"Argyropoulos","year":"2016"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024081615142991200_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.42.3.665","article-title":"Cloze probability and completion norms for 498 sentences: Behavioral and neural validation using event-related potentials","volume":"42","author":"Block","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"48","key":"2024081615142991200_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12283","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1810596115","article-title":"Double dissociation of single-interval and rhythmic temporal prediction in cerebellar degeneration and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"115","author":"Breska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"2024081615142991200_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1017\/S0267190512000074","article-title":"The processing of formulaic language","volume":"32","author":"Conklin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annual Review of Applied Linguistics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024081615142991200_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/121.2.357","article-title":"Influence of vision on upper limb reaching movements in patients with cerebellar ataxia","volume":"121","author":"Day","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024081615142991200_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.04.021","article-title":"Universal transform or multiple functionality?: Understanding the contribution of the human cerebellum across task domains","volume":"102","author":"Diedrichsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024081615142991200_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2818-16.2017","article-title":"Cerebellar tDCS modulates neural circuits during semantic prediction: A combined tDCS-fMRI study","volume":"37","author":"D\u2019Mello","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024081615142991200_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/115.1.155","article-title":"Impaired non-motor learning and error detection associated with cerebellar damage: A single case study","volume":"115","author":"Fiez","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024081615142991200_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/6.1.1","article-title":"PET activation of posterior temporal regions during auditory word presentation and verb generation","volume":"6","author":"Fiez","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2024081615142991200_bib12","article-title":"A synopsis of linguistic theory, 1930\u20131955","volume-title":"Studies in linguistic analysis","author":"Firth","year":"1957"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024081615142991200_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2009.04.005","article-title":"The free-energy principle: A rough guide to the brain?","volume":"13","author":"Friston","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024081615142991200_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1331.1999.630353.x","article-title":"Linguistic impairment after right cerebellar stroke: A case report","volume":"6","author":"Gasparini","year":"1999","journal-title":"European Journal of Neurology"},{"key":"2024081615142991200_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2020.11.017","article-title":"Cerebellum and semantic memory: A TMS study using the DRM paradigm","volume":"135","author":"Gatti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024081615142991200_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.3.6.456","article-title":"Preserved performance by cerebellar patients on tests of word generation, discrimination learning, and attention","volume":"3","author":"Helmuth","year":"1997","journal-title":"Learning & Memory"},{"key":"2024081615142991200_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.09.026","article-title":"Unique degeneration signatures in the cerebellar cortex for spinocerebellar ataxias 2, 3, and 7","volume":"20","author":"Hernandez-Castillo","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage: Clinical"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024081615142991200_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2332","article-title":"Controls of mental activities by internal models in the cerebellum","volume":"9","author":"Ito","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024081615142991200_bib23","first-page":"999","article-title":"Cerebellar contributions to cognition and imagery","volume-title":"The new cognitive neurosciences","author":"Ivry","year":"2000","edition":"2nd ed."},{"issue":"3","key":"2024081615142991200_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww327","article-title":"Structural cerebellar correlates of cognitive and motor dysfunctions in cerebellar degeneration","volume":"140","author":"Kansal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2024081615142991200_bib18","volume-title":"The Boston naming test","author":"Kaplan","year":"1983","edition":"2nd ed."},{"issue":"1","key":"2024081615142991200_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1990.tb48897.x","article-title":"Does the cerebellum provide a common computation for diverse tasks? A timing hypothesis","volume":"608","author":"Keele","year":"1990","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024081615142991200_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0436-x","article-title":"Functional boundaries in the human cerebellum revealed by a multi-domain task battery","volume":"22","author":"King","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"issue":"5947","key":"2024081615142991200_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1038\/307161a0","article-title":"Brain potentials during reading reflect word expectancy and semantic association","volume":"307","author":"Kutas","year":"1984","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024081615142991200_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.100.4.443","article-title":"Does the cerebellum contribute to mental skills?","volume":"100","author":"Leiner","year":"1986","journal-title":"Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024081615142991200_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-011-0146-0","article-title":"Introducing LexTALE: A quick and valid lexical test for advanced learners of English","volume":"44","author":"Lemh\u00f6fer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"26","key":"2024081615142991200_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6231","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3203-16.2017","article-title":"Right lateral cerebellum represents linguistic predictability","volume":"37","author":"Lesage","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"18","key":"2024081615142991200_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.07.006","article-title":"Cerebellar rTMS disrupts predictive language processing","volume":"22","author":"Lesage","year":"2012","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024081615142991200_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2006.09.007","article-title":"Dissociation of grey and white matter reduction in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 and 6: A voxel-based morphometry study","volume":"408","author":"Lukas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroscience Letters"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024081615142991200_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-010-9137-7","article-title":"Functional topography of the cerebellum in verbal working memory","volume":"20","author":"Marvel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychology Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024081615142991200_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00235.x","article-title":"Temporal coupling between neuronal activity and blood flow in rat cerebellar cortex as indicated by field potential analysis","volume":"523","author":"Mathiesen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology"},{"issue":"12","key":"2024081615142991200_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4246","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac072","article-title":"Continuous manipulation of mental representations is compromised in cerebellar degeneration","volume":"145","author":"McDougle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2024081615142991200_bib32","first-page":"3111","article-title":"Distributed representations of words and phrases and their compositionality","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"Mikolov","year":"2013"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024081615142991200_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2871","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2264-13.2014","article-title":"Generalized role for the cerebellum in encoding internal models: Evidence from semantic processing","volume":"34","author":"Moberget","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024081615142991200_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2015.08.004","article-title":"Patients with focal cerebellar lesions show reduced auditory cortex activation during silent reading","volume":"161","author":"Moberget","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024081615142991200_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x","article-title":"The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: A brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment","volume":"53","author":"Nasreddine","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of the American Geriatrics Society"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024081615142991200_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.116.2.220","article-title":"Dual-task interference in simple tasks: Data and theory","volume":"116","author":"Pashler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024081615142991200_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-020-01351-1","article-title":"Completion norms for 3085 English sentence contexts","volume":"52","author":"Peelle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024081615142991200_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1989.1.2.153","article-title":"Positron emission tomographic studies of the processing of singe words","volume":"1","author":"Petersen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"issue":"9","key":"2024081615142991200_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-006-0500-9","article-title":"Cognitive functions in patients with MR-defined chronic focal cerebellar lesions","volume":"254","author":"Richter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology"},{"issue":"9","key":"2024081615142991200_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2004.01.006","article-title":"Preserved verb generation in patients with cerebellar atrophy","volume":"42","author":"Richter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024081615142991200_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(97)00095-X","article-title":"Language deficits in a child with omolateral (left) temporo-basal and cerebellar lesions","volume":"36","author":"Riva","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"11","key":"2024081615142991200_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01767","article-title":"PONT: A protocol for online neuropsychological testing","volume":"33","author":"Saban","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024081615142991200_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/121.4.561","article-title":"The cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome","volume":"121","author":"Schmahmann","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"11","key":"2024081615142991200_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000219042.60538.92","article-title":"Scale for the assessment and rating of ataxia: Development of a new clinical scale","volume":"66","author":"Schmitz-H\u00fcbsch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3972","key":"2024081615142991200_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1126\/science.171.3972.701","article-title":"Mental rotation of three-dimensional objects","volume":"171","author":"Shepard","year":"1971","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024081615142991200_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2013.02.013","article-title":"The effect of word predictability on reading time is logarithmic","volume":"128","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024081615142991200_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2017.02.005","article-title":"The cerebellum: Adaptive prediction for movement and cognition","volume":"21","author":"Sokolov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2024081615142991200_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2015.02.004","article-title":"The influence of cloze probability and item constraint on cloze task response time","volume":"82","author":"Staub","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024081615142991200_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2009.07.006","article-title":"The cerebellum and language: Evidence from patients with cerebellar degeneration","volume":"110","author":"Stoodley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024081615142991200_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.08.039","article-title":"Functional topography in the human cerebellum: A meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies","volume":"44","author":"Stoodley","year":"2009","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"5232","key":"2024081615142991200_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7569931","article-title":"An internal model for sensorimotor integration","volume":"269","author":"Wolpert","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"9","key":"2024081615142991200_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(98)01221-2","article-title":"Internal models in the cerebellum","volume":"2","author":"Wolpert","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"}],"container-title":["Neurobiology of Language"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/nol\/article-pdf\/5\/3\/635\/2465637\/nol_a_00083.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/nol\/article-pdf\/5\/3\/635\/2465637\/nol_a_00083.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]],"date-time":"2024-08-16T15:14:45Z","timestamp":1723821285000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/nol\/article\/5\/3\/635\/113249\/No-Evidence-for-Semantic-Prediction-Deficits-in"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/nol_a_00083","relation":{},"ISSN":["2641-4368"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2641-4368","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}}}