{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T06:27:35Z","timestamp":1775284055285,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MIT Press","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004497","name":"Onderzoeksraad, KU Leuven","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C14\/17\/108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C14\/17\/108"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004497","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004497","name":"Onderzoeksraad, KU Leuven","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C14\/21\/109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C14\/21\/109"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004497","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G094418N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G094418N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1247821N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1247821N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Word valence is one of the principal dimensions in the organization of word meaning. Co-occurrence-based similarities calculated by predictive natural language processing models are relatively poor at representing affective content, but very powerful in their own way. Here, we determined how these two canonical but distinct ways of representing word meaning relate to each other in the human brain both functionally and neuroanatomically. We re-analysed an fMRI study of word valence. A co-occurrence-based model was used and the correlation with the similarity of brain activity patterns was compared to that of affective similarities. The correlation between affective and co-occurrence-based similarities was low (r = 0.065), confirming that affect was captured poorly by co-occurrence modelling. In a whole-brain representational similarity analysis, word embedding similarities correlated significantly with the similarity between activity patterns in a region confined to the superior temporal sulcus to the left, and to a lesser degree to the right. Affective word similarities correlated with the similarity in activity patterns in this same region, confirming previous findings. The affective similarity effect extended more widely beyond the superior temporal cortex than the effect of co-occurrence-based similarities did. The effect of co-occurrence-based similarities remained unaltered after partialling out the effect of affective similarities (and vice versa). To conclude, different aspects of word meaning, derived from affective judgements or from word co-occurrences, are represented in superior temporal language cortex in a neuroanatomically overlapping but functionally independent manner.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/nol_a_00095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T18:40:37Z","timestamp":1671475237000},"page":"257-279","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Independency of Coding for Affective Similarities and for Word Co-occurrences in Temporal Perisylvian Neocortex"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8960-5601","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Antonietta Gabriella","family":"Liuzzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6018-0072","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Karen","family":"Meersmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4100-8725","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gerrit","family":"Storms","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7899-6210","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Simon","family":"De Deyne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Cognitive Science Lab, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1980-2540","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Patrick","family":"Dupont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6237-2502","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rik","family":"Vandenberghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Neurology Department, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W18-0107","article-title":"Experiential, distributional and dependency-based word embeddings have complementary roles in decoding brain activity","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics (CMCL 2018)","author":"Abnar","year":"2018"},{"key":"2023041315361569100_","first-page":"950","article-title":"Learning emotion-enriched word representations","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics","author":"Agrawal","year":"2018"},{"key":"2023041315361569100_","first-page":"1960","article-title":"Of words, eyes and brains: Correlating image-based distributional semantic models with neural representations of concepts","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","author":"Anderson","year":"2013"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016261","article-title":"Integrating experiential and distributional data to learn semantic representations","volume":"116","author":"Andrews","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2810","article-title":"Transitions in neural oscillations reflect prediction errors generated in audiovisual speech","volume":"14","author":"Arnal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2023041315361569100_","volume-title":"SPM12 manual","author":"Ashburner","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.04.020","article-title":"Convergence of semantics and emotional expression within the IFG pars orbitalis","volume":"156","author":"Belyk","year":"2017","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-012-0195-z","article-title":"Checking and bootstrapping lexical norms by means of word similarity indexes","volume":"44","author":"Bestgen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"24","key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2170","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002219","article-title":"The Wernicke area: Modern evidence and a reinterpretation","volume":"85","author":"Binder","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1080\/02643294.2016.1147426","article-title":"Toward a brain-based componential semantic representation","volume":"33","author":"Binder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cognitive Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"11","key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2011.10.001","article-title":"The neurobiology of semantic memory","volume":"15","author":"Binder","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"issue":"11","key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article e1002577","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002577","article-title":"Prediction errors but not sharpened signals simulate multivoxel fMRI patterns during speech perception","volume":"14","author":"Blank","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLOS Biology"},{"key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-9539-0","volume-title":"Words as social tools: An embodied view on abstract concepts","author":"Borghi","year":"2014"},{"issue":"47","key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18597","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1548-13.2013","article-title":"Similarity of fMRI activity patterns in left perirhinal cortex reflects semantic similarity between words","volume":"33","author":"Bruffaerts","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2014.04.010","article-title":"Norms of age of acquisition and concreteness for 30,000 Dutch words","volume":"150","author":"Brysbaert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Psychologia"},{"key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 117408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117408","article-title":"Distinct fronto-temporal substrates of distributional and taxonomic similarity among words: Evidence from RSA of bold signals","volume":"224","author":"Carota","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"8","key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3423","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-08-03423.2003","article-title":"Hierarchical processing in spoken language comprehension","volume":"23","author":"Davis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article e12922","DOI":"10.1111\/cogs.12922","article-title":"Visual and affective multimodal models of word meaning in language and mind","volume":"45","author":"De Deyne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-018-1115-7","article-title":"The \u201cSmall World of Words\u201d: English word association norms for over 12,000 cue words","volume":"51","author":"De Deyne","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.40.1.213","article-title":"Word associations: Network and semantic properties","volume":"40","author":"De Deyne","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.40.4.1030","article-title":"Exemplar by feature applicability matrices and other Dutch normative data for semantic concepts","volume":"40","author":"De Deyne","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"48","key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18906","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3809-13.2013","article-title":"Representational similarity analysis reveals commonalities and differences in the semantic processing of words and objects","volume":"33","author":"Devereux","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2023041315361569100_","first-page":"70","article-title":"Using fMRI activation to conceptual stimuli to evaluate methods for extracting conceptual representations from corpora","volume-title":"Proceedings of the NAACL HLT 2010 First Workshop on Computational Neurolinguistics","author":"Devereux","year":"2010"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article e0121945","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0121945","article-title":"Cocor: A comprehensive solution for the statistical comparison of correlations","volume":"10","author":"Diedenhofen","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"9","key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2350","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bht083","article-title":"The pathways for intelligible speech: Multivariate and univariate perspectives","volume":"24","author":"Evans","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"issue":"25","key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10552","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0051-13.2013","article-title":"Brain regions that represent amodal conceptual knowledge","volume":"33","author":"Fairhall","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article e2108091119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2108091119","article-title":"Decoding the information structure underlying the neural representation of concepts","volume":"119","author":"Fernandino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 5240","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19010-6","article-title":"Language prediction mechanisms in human auditory cortex","volume":"11","author":"Forseth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(08)70301-0","article-title":"Multiregional cell assemblies, temporal binding and the representation of conceptual knowledge in cortex: A modern theory by a \u201cclassical\u201d neurologist, Carl Wernicke","volume":"41","author":"Gage","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"2023041315361569100_","article-title":"Learning word vectors for 157 languages","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2018)","author":"Grave","year":"2019"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1080\/00437956.1954.11659520","article-title":"Distributional structure","volume":"10","author":"Harris","year":"1954","journal-title":"WORD"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-016-1053-2","article-title":"The principals of meaning: Extracting semantic dimensions from co-occurrence models of semantics","volume":"23","author":"Hollis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"key":"2023041315361569100_","volume-title":"spaCy2: Natural language understanding with Bloom embeddings, convolutional neural networks and incremental parsing.","author":"Honnibal","year":"2017"},{"issue":"7600","key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17637","article-title":"Natural speech reveals the semantic maps that tile human cerebral cortex","volume":"532","author":"Huth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"9","key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1080\/02687030600739398","article-title":"The impact of phonological or semantic impairment on delayed auditory repetition: Evidence from stroke aphasia and semantic dementia","volume":"20","author":"Jefferies","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.42.3.643","article-title":"SUBTLEX-NL: A new measure for Dutch word frequency based on film subtitles","volume":"42","author":"Keuleers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"8","key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1080\/17470218.2015.1022560","article-title":"Word knowledge in the crowd: Measuring vocabulary size and word prevalence in a massive online experiment","volume":"68","author":"Keuleers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-818X.2010.00267.x","article-title":"Emotion, language, and the brain","volume":"5","author":"Kotz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Language and Linguistics Compass"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021446","article-title":"The representation of abstract words: Why emotion matters","volume":"140","author":"Kousta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035669","article-title":"Emotion and language: Valence and arousal affect word recognition","volume":"143","author":"Kuperman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2015.03.016","article-title":"Left perirhinal cortex codes for similarity in meaning between written words: Comparison with auditory word input","volume":"76","author":"Liuzzi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.02.032","article-title":"Cross-modal representation of spoken and written word meaning in left pars triangularis","volume":"150","author":"Liuzzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.02.011","article-title":"Left perirhinal cortex codes for semantic similarity between written words defined from cued word association","volume":"191","author":"Liuzzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1756-8765.2010.01106.x","article-title":"Symbol interdependency in symbolic and embodied cognition","volume":"3","author":"Louwerse","year":"2011","journal-title":"Topics in Cognitive Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2009.09.002","article-title":"The linguistic and embodied nature of conceptual processing","volume":"114","author":"Louwerse","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-019-01316-z","article-title":"The Lancaster Sensorimotor Norms: Multidimensional measures of perceptual and action strength for 40,000 English words","volume":"52","author":"Lynott","year":"2020","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"8","key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article e43230","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0043230","article-title":"Clearpond: Cross-linguistic easy-access resource for phonological and orthographic neighborhood densities","volume":"7","author":"Marian","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03192726","article-title":"Semantic feature production norms for a large set of living and nonliving things","volume":"37","author":"McRae","year":"2005","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 116892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116892","article-title":"Representation of associative and affective semantic similarity of abstract words in the lateral temporal perisylvian language regions","volume":"217","author":"Meersmans","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"15","key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3302","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhab416","article-title":"Orienting to different dimensions of word meaning alters the representation of word meaning in early processing regions","volume":"32","author":"Meersmans","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"issue":"11","key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1145\/219717.219748","article-title":"WordNet: A lexical database for English","volume":"38","author":"Miller","year":"1995","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"issue":"5880","key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1152876","article-title":"Predicting human brain activity associated with the meanings of nouns","volume":"320","author":"Mitchell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-012-0243-8","article-title":"Norms of valence, arousal, dominance, and age of acquisition for 4,300 Dutch words","volume":"45","author":"Moors","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.09.032","article-title":"How long to scan? The relationship between fMRI temporal signal to noise ratio and necessary scan duration","volume":"34","author":"Murphy","year":"2007","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"12","key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1111\/lnc3.12098","article-title":"Putting the listening brain in context","volume":"8","author":"Obleser","year":"2014","journal-title":"Language and Linguistics Compass"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp128","article-title":"Expectancy constraints in degraded speech modulate the language comprehension network","volume":"20","author":"Obleser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 27","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2016.00027","article-title":"CoSMoMVPA: Multi-modal multivariate pattern analysis of neuroimaging data in Matlab\/GNU octave","volume":"10","author":"Oosterhof","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroinformatics"},{"key":"2023041315361569100_","volume-title":"OptoActive II headphones and microphones","author":"Optoacoustics","year":"2022"},{"key":"2023041315361569100_","volume-title":"The measurement of meaning","author":"Osgood","year":"1957"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1037\/h0084295","article-title":"Dual coding theory: Retrospect and current status","volume":"45","author":"Paivio","year":"1991","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Psychology\/Revue Canadienne de Psychologie"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 14439","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50755-3","article-title":"Differential impact of emotion on semantic processing of abstract and concrete words: ERP and fMRI evidence","volume":"9","author":"Pauligk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2012.06.005","article-title":"Using Wikipedia to learn semantic feature representations of concrete concepts in neuroimaging experiments","volume":"194","author":"Pereira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 963","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03068-4","article-title":"Toward a universal decoder of linguistic meaning from brain activation","volume":"9","author":"Pereira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"8","key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1080\/17470218.2014.941296","article-title":"Reproducing affective norms with lexical co-occurrence statistics: Predicting valence, arousal, and dominance","volume":"68","author":"Recchia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 117687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117687","article-title":"Cloze enough? Hemodynamic effects of predictive processing during natural reading","volume":"228","author":"Schuster","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"12","key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2400","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.12.2400","article-title":"Identification of a pathway for intelligible speech in the left temporal lobe","volume":"123","author":"Scott","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2015.2489653","article-title":"Sentiment embeddings with applications to sentiment analysis","volume":"28","author":"Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering"},{"key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 1787","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01787","article-title":"Defining a conceptual topography of word concreteness: Clustering properties of emotion, sensation, and magnitude among 750 English words","volume":"8","author":"Troche","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 45","DOI":"10.5334\/joc.50","article-title":"Predicting lexical norms: A comparison between a word association model and text-based word co-occurrence models","volume":"1","author":"Vankrunkelsven","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Cognition"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-015-0680-2","article-title":"Estimating affective word covariates using word association data","volume":"48","author":"Van Rensbergen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-015-0832-5","article-title":"Examining assortativity in the mental lexicon: Evidence from word associations","volume":"22","author":"Van Rensbergen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"issue":"7","key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bht025","article-title":"The neural representation of abstract words: The role of emotion","volume":"24","author":"Vigliocco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023041315361569100_","first-page":"191","article-title":"Une proc\u00e9dure automatique pour \u00e9tendre des normes lexicales par l\u2019analyse des cooccurrences dans des textes","volume":"52","author":"Vincze","year":"2011","journal-title":"Traitement Automatique des Langues"},{"issue":"12","key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4305","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhx283","article-title":"Organizational principles of abstract words in the human brain","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-012-0314-x","article-title":"Norms of valence, arousal, and dominance for 13,915 English lemmas","volume":"45","author":"Warriner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"8","key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1080\/17470218.2014.970204","article-title":"Avoid violence, rioting, and outrage; approach celebration, delight, and strength: Using large text corpora to compute valence, arousal, and the basic emotions","volume":"68","author":"Westbury","year":"2015","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"2023041315361569100_","volume-title":"Language and emotion","author":"Wilce","year":"2009"},{"key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3115\/981732.981751","article-title":"Verb semantics and lexical selection","author":"Wu","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 32nd annual meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023041315361569100_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1109\/TASLP.2017.2788182","article-title":"Refining word embeddings using intensity scores for sentiment analysis","volume":"26","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, Language Processing"}],"container-title":["Neurobiology of Language"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/nol\/article-pdf\/4\/2\/257\/2079026\/nol_a_00095.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/nol\/article-pdf\/4\/2\/257\/2079026\/nol_a_00095.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]],"date-time":"2023-04-13T15:36:30Z","timestamp":1681400190000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/nol\/article\/4\/2\/257\/114206\/Independency-of-Coding-for-Affective-Similarities"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/nol_a_00095","relation":{},"ISSN":["2641-4368"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2641-4368","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}}}